They Died With Their Boots On :: essays papers

They Died With Their Boots On Produced in 1943, They Died With Their Boots On, a Warner Brothers ® film, is a horribly inaccurate account of the events that lead to the Battle of Little Big Horn. His early days in war were depicted accurately, however. Boots told of his experiences at West Pointe; the most important experience is, notably, his graduation. He received the absolute worst scores ever recorded at West Pointe upon his commencement. After that point, it all goes down hill. Custer was also a womanizer, but in this film he was quite a gentlemen, being sure to get Elizabeth Bacon’s father’s permission for everything the two did together. Custer was displayed as a very sympathetic and warm-hearted general, while he was, in actuality, not such. Custer was known to be rather a large egoist and somewhat of a rude man. Then, for â€Å"dramatic effect†, filmmakers fabricated a conspiracy that Custer’s â€Å"enemies† concocted to remove him from opposition. His opponents, e xecutives of a large company which he refused a position in, â€Å"lied† about gold in the Black Hills in order to trick thousands of Americans into violating a peace treaty with the Sioux. The truth: there really WAS gold in the Black Hills. Negro slaves were depicted as goofy and silly, added only for comic effect. One lady in particular danced about singing a rhyme, â€Å"Rabbit’s foot, work your charm, protect that lady’s man from harm!† after reading the â€Å"tea leaves† for a friend. The Sioux Indians were also depicted rather inaccurately. They all wore a single feather in the backs of their heads and yipped and hollered just as â€Å"Indians† would do. They screamed and beat their hands on their mouths, all the while speaking English in the manner of a five year-old. Finally, the film’s depiction of Civil War battles, not to mention the battle of Little Big Horn, were laughable. There were twenty, MAYBE thirty men all lined u p on either side of the field, and every time the Union soldiers fought, at least two Confederate soldiers or Indians fell, dead. However, when the opposing side fired or attacked, the Union cavalries were nearly impregnable.

For Understandable Reasons, the Founders of Sociology

Jessamy O’Dwyer 18/10/2012 Introduction to Sociology Mark: A- Essay Qs. For understandable reasons, the founders of sociology paid little attention to ‘’ environmental issues’’. However modern-day sociologists do. Discuss the sociology of the environment in terms of globalisation, consumption and sustainability. Introduction Over the course of this essay I will address the area of environmental sociology in two parts. Firstly, I hope to explain why the field of environmental sociology was not an area of relevance to the founders of sociological thought.Then in the second part of the essay I will go on to discuss the birth of the field of environmental sociology. Within this new subfield sociologists have written at great length about the many environmental issues facing the world today. Many of these issues are overlapping and interconnected. I will address three of these challenges I believe to be most acute; (1) Globalisation, (2) Human consumption , and (3) Sustainability.Sociology in context The founders of Sociology (Marx, Durkheim and Weber) paid little attention to environmental issues because they were not seen as relevant or particularly problematic to society at the time, and therefore were not considered as topics of significance to classical social scientists. Instead they focused on matters such as poverty, stratification, social inequality, class systems, industrial development, religion and government.The detrimental impact of human beings on our natural surroundings were not yet acknowledged and the â€Å"natural landscape was taken for granted, simply as the backdrop to the much more pressing and urgent social problems generated by industrial capitalism† (Glidden’s, 2007). The Emergence of Environmental Sociology It wasn’t until the late 1960s that environmental issues were first recognised as relevant challenges in the field of sociology. In the United States the 1969 National Environmental Policy Act highlighted the strain hat the environment was under as a result of human consumption, and the increased demands of agriculture and industry. This was one of the first written laws designed to lay down a broad national framework for protecting the environment (NEPA, 1969). The emergence of this subfield was a direct consequence of the growing interest in environmentalism in the 1970’s. I will now address the environmental challenges posed by (1) globalisation, (2) human consumption, and (3) sustainability from a sociological perspective. GlobalisationOne of the contributing factors that has magnified environmental awareness in the latter half of the twentieth century are the impacts of globalisation. Globalisation is a process where the amount of economic, social and cultural activity carried out across national borders is increased. The process of globalisation has significant economic, social and environmental implications, both positive and negative. It ‘ ’enables free flow of goods, capital and technology and thus it becomes a motivational force for nations to develop themselves and (can) create a more gainful environment in the world scenario’’( Alamar.K, 2010). While this growing flow of capital, technology and trade has arguably helped the developed nations of the world to expand further, this has often come at the expense and exploitation of natural resources in developing countries. For example ‘’the demand for hardwood and woodchips in developed countries, such as Japan and the Netherlands, accelerates deforestation, soil impoverishment and a loss of local biodiversity in less-developed parts of the world, such as Brazil and Indonesia’’ (Dreher.A, Gaston . N. 2008). The world has been recast as one big universal market place and whilst the benefits of this are many, it is also having a negative effect on our environment. Some of the other negative effects of globalisation on the environment manifest themselves in the increase in air traffic, cars, sea transport, waste and the ever rising consumption of water and fossil energy. These factors all have profound impacts on the environment ranging from local to global (Dreher. A, Gaston. N, 2008).Increased Human Consumption As previously stated in the introduction the issues of globalisation and consumption are interdependent. The increased ‘flow of goods’ made possible by globalisation has led to a greater international demand for consumer goods. Much of the debate surrounding environmental challenges centres on this area of changing human consumption patterns. Consumption refers to â€Å"the goods, services, energy and resources that are used up by people, institutions and societies’’ (Gidden's, 2001).There is a direct correlation between high levels of consumption and economic development. As economies have flourished particularly in developed countries, this in turn has resulted i n the average person having more disposable income to spend on luxuries after necessities. These luxuries come in the form of more food, clothing, personal items, leisure time, cosmetics, holidays, cars and so forth (Giddens 2001). In a lifetime the average person consumes tons of raw materials, which must be extracted, processed and eventually disposed of as waste.In industrialised countries it is becoming increasingly difficult to dispose of the enormous amounts of refuse. Landfills are fast filling up and many urban areas are struggling to find places to dispose of domestic waste. For example, a report released by the Irish Environmental Protection Agency for the year 2011 found that uncollected household waste was estimated at 128,000 tonnes, which is a matter for on-going concern given the likely hood that some of it may have been burned or dumped. This is a trend common to most if not all developed economies.The impact of deforestation is not always confined to the local area; it can also have regional and potentially more global effects (e. g. , global climate change). Human impact as a contributing factor to many regional natural disasters (e. g. Bangladesh floods in 2007) cannot be easily quantified. What is clear however is that we are witnessing major shifts in our natural environment. These changes are manifesting themselves at local level in uncultivable soil, desertification, water contamination and air pollution. SustainabilityThe modern concept of sustainable development has emerged gradually over the last 40 years. During this time individuals, communities, governments, and nongovernmental organisations (NGO’s) have developed an awareness for the importance of the environment and humans’ increasing negative impacts on the natural world (Hardisty. P, 2012). Sustainable development is defined as ‘’the use of renewable resources to promote economic growth, the protection of animal species and biodiversity, and the commi tment to maintaining clean air, water and land’’ (United Nations Our Common Future Report 1987).Sustainable development means that growth, ideally, be carried out in such a way as to recycle physical resources, rather than deplete and destroy them, and to keep pollution levels to a minimum (Gidden’s 2001). Currently a third of the world’s population live directly off their own local produce (UNDP 1998). These people’s livelihoods are entirely dependent on the land. Therefore this makes them extremely vulnerable to any environmental change. One example of these changes is soil degradation experienced in parts of Asia and Africa.As local populations grow, so too does the demand for increased agricultural output, which leads to over-farming (Giddens, 2001). More efficient and sustainable methods of farming need to be urgently employed so as not to completely exhaust the land for future generations. In order for sustainable development to make an impac t it requires individuals, businesses, multinational corporations and the government to commit to a policy of reform in how they consume resources and the methods they use to dispose of solid waste and manage air pollution.There is reluctance amongst many to adapt to sustainable development as they argue it will come at the expense of economic growth. Therefore the real challenge facing environmental sociologists is to find ways to convince or incentivise these individuals and organizations that sustainable development is the only way forward. Conclusion Over the course of this assignment I have explored the emergence of environmental sociology beginning in the 1960s.I have analysed three of the most urgent challenges facing scholars of sociology including globalisation, changing human consumption patterns, and sustainability. One thing that has become apparent is that these challenges are all interlinked, and therefore cannot be addressed in isolation. The effects of globalisation and changing consumer patterns are evident on both a local and global scale. In support of this argument I have endeavoured to provide both local and global examples of the impacts of these sociological forces.Clearly the relationship between humans and the environment is a complex one. Our increasing demand for raw materials is stripping the earth of its already scarce resources, and therefore this relationship is unsustainable, and in urgent need of rebalancing. The urgency and scale of these environmental challenges have meant that sociologists have had to redefine the parameters of classical sociology. If the environment was once merely a ‘backdrop’ to the study of â€Å"human social life, groups and societies† (reference), changing circumstances have dictated that it can no longer be side-lined.Instead, environmental sociology must be understood, appreciated and addressed with the same diligence a traditional disciplines of sociology. Bibliography Books: * G iddens, Anthony, Sociology 4th edition, Polity Press, 2001, Ch. 19, Pg 609-621. * Hardisty, Paul E, Environmental and Economic Sustainability, CRC Press, 2010, Ch. 2. Journals: * Alamar. K and Murali. N, Globalisation, the Environment and sustainable Development, Taylor and Francis Group, London 2010. * Alamar. K and Murali.N, Environmental Management, Sustainable Development and Human Health, Taylor and Francis Group, London, 2008. * Dreher. A, Gaston. N, Martens. P, Measuring Globalisation; Gauging its’ Consequences, Springer Science + Business Media, LLC, 2008. * Internet Resources: * National Environmental Policy Act, 1969 http://www. epa. gov/region1/nepa/ (accessed 7/10/12) * Environmental Protection Agency, Irelands Environmental Challenges and Priorities Report, 2012 http://www. epa. ie/ (accessed 4/10/12)

Sports Should Be Mandatory Public Schools - 888 Words

Unicef illustrates, Sport is a good-entry point for the promotion of life skills-based education and healthy lifestyles, including the values of physical fitness, proper nutrition and how to make choices that positively impact health. In other words, Unicef believes that sports assist an individual in all aspects of life, whether it is physical, mental, or life skills oriented. Simply put, participating in a sport has multiple benefits that can be applied to everyday life. For this exact reason, sports should be implemented mandatory in public schools. Although some parents believe that sports have more consequences than benefits, the physical activity included in athletics is proven to increase child health. Accordingly, there are articles such as, Younger Kids. Longer Seasons. More Injuries, conclude that children should lay off physical activity due to the ever-looming threat of injuries and children are safer and better off staying away from sports. On the flip side, articles suc h as, Why Sport and Play, list the boons of the physical activity involved in sports. I assert that sports should be mandatory in public schools because it offers benefits that children should not go without. I wholeheartedly endorse the making a student participate in at least one sport can benefit a student s mental and physical health, grades, and school attendance. I believe that sports benefit children’s mental health. For example, no matter what the child is doing, life throwsShow MoreRelatedMandatory Drug Testing for High School Athletes Essay1338 Words   |  6 Pagesevents. Mandatory drug testing was not allowed in public schools until June 2002 when the Supreme Court allowed for public schools to do random drug testing (Carroll 23). This decision allowed for drug testing in all schools throughout the United States not just for athletes but also students who are in any activities within the school, for example clubs and competitive events (Carroll 23). Even though drug testing is now allowed by the Supreme Court many schools do not yet have mandatory drug testRead MoreStudent Athletes And Physical Education1604 Words   |  7 Pagesphysical education in order to graduate. Envision a student who does very well in school and would like to take advanced placement or running start classes in order to better prepare themselves for c ollege. This student, however, cannot take these classes because he or she has to take physical education, a gradation requirement, and does not have the schedule flexibility to fit both classes in. Almost every school in the United States requires students to take physical education in order to graduateRead MoreThe Pros and Cons to Physical Education Essay1662 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment are weighing the pros and cons of allowing physical education in school. I believe that even though the funding being used to pay for equipment and gymnasiums could be better spent on books and materials for other classes, physical education should stay in school because it provides healthy exercise for children and teens. It also gives the less fortunate but deserving children a chance to play and excel in sports. Obesity is a huge concern in America today. We see more children, teensRead MorePhysical Education Should Be Mandatory in Schools Essay502 Words   |  3 Pagestelevisions and video games conditions young people to be less active. The safety of children is also a concern, with all the violence that is occurring parents are protective and want to keep their children indoors, decreasing their time outdoors. Schools also provide less time for physical activity programs by focusing more on academics. Consequently children who are not physically active will have a lesser chance of being healthy. There are many benefits of regular physical activity for childrenRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1713 Words   |  7 PagesCollege sports are one of the largest and fastest growing markets in today’s culture. With some college sports games attracting more viewers than their professional counterparts, the NCAA is one of the most profiting organizations in America. Recently there has been controversy in the world of college sports as to whether the college athletes that are making their universities and the NCAA money should receive payment while they are playing their respective sport. Many believe that these athletesRead MoreRequired Physical Education in Schools912 Words   |  4 Pagesstandards from the National Association of Sports and Physical Education for Schoolchildren (Rochman). While the physical education at schools are declining in the United States because the state requirements for education are putting pressure on schools to increase the class room part and decreasing the physical education. Schools are trying to save money for the core classes math, Science, Language Arts, and History. With that lack of physical activity in schools the childhood obesity is increasing.Read MoreCollege Athletes Have A Lot On Their Plate Between Jobs, Classes, Practice And Games869 Words   |  4 PagesColleges should pay their students for their time of tr ying to keep the college s sports reputation well; the students are still trying to juggle their classes so they will not receive a failing grade. College is not a cheap investment, and some of the students are stuck with the job of paying for it without the financial help of family members. The cost of tuition and fees averaged $32,405 at private schools, $9,410 at public schools, and $23,893 for out-of-state students at a public school. (CollegedataRead MoreDrug Testing of High School Students1075 Words   |  5 PagesMandatory Drug Testing of High School Athletes Brandon had always wanted to play football for his high school team. He had always been one of the slowest and smallest boys in his grade. While in 8th grade, he was introduced to performance enhancing drugs. He was sold on the fact that they would make him stronger, faster, and maybe give him a shot to make the high school football team. During his first year of taking the performance enhancing drug, Brandon had increased strength and self-prideRead MoreBenefits Of A Uniformed School Day1550 Words   |  7 PagesA Uniformed School Day Uniforms have been a key element in promoting a successful, safe and unified establishment. Those successful establishments could possibly include a private high school, a sporting team, or even a business. Typically, private schools enforce the policy that a uniform most be worn by all enrolled students. But why hasn’t the majority of traditional public schools, developed uniform policies? Benefits of uniforms within schools may include, students feeling more professionalRead More Problems with Education Essay1529 Words   |  7 Pageslives of all people all over the world. What we learn, not just in the classroom, shapes who we are. We take our education everywhere we go. We use it when talking to our buddies about sports or music, we use it while solving a math problem, we use our education while debating with our family whether or not we should watch TV or go to the movies. Our education is the foundation of who we are, since every decision we make and every thought we think is dependent on what we know. Imagine how different

Battle of Molino del Rey in the Mexican-American War

The Battle of Molino del Rey was fought September 8, 1847, during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). Having advanced inland from Veracruz and won several victories, Major General Winfield Scotts American army approached Mexico City. Learning of Mexican forces in a mill complex known as the Molino del Rey, Scott ordered an attack to capture the facilities as intelligence suggested they were being used to cast cannon. Moving forward, troops led by  Major General William J. Worth assaulted the Molino del Rey and the nearby Casa de Mata. In the resulting fighting, both positions were captured, but American losses proved high. A somewhat Pyrrhic victory for Scott, no evidence was found that cannon were being manufactured in the facility. Background Though Major General Zachary Taylor had won a series of victories at Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, and Monterrey, President James K. Polk elected to shift the focus of American efforts from northern Mexico to a campaign against Mexico City. Though this was largely due to Polks concerns about Taylors political ambitions, it was also supported by reports that an advance against the enemy capital from the north would be exceptionally difficult. As a result, a new army was created under Major General Winfield Scott and ordered to capture the key port city of Veracruz. Landing on March 9, 1847, Scotts men moved against the city and captured it after a twenty-day siege. Building a major base at Veracruz, Scott began making preparations to advance inland before yellow fever season arrived. Moving inland, Scott routed the Mexicans, led by General Antonio Là ³pez de Santa Anna, at Cerro Gordo the following month. Driving towards Mexico City, he won battles at Contreras and Churubusco in August 1847. Nearing the gates of the city, Scott entered into a truce with Santa Anna in the hopes of ending the war. The subsequent negotiations proved futile and the truce was marred by numerous violations on the part of the Mexicans. Ending the truce in early September, Scott began making preparations for assaulting Mexico City. As this work moved forward, he received word on September 7 that a large Mexican force had occupied the Molino del Rey. The Kings Mill Located southwest of Mexico City, the Molino del Rey (Kings Mill) consisted of a series stone buildings that once had housed flour and gunpowder mills. To the northeast, through some woods, the castle of Chapultepec towered over the area while to the west stood the fortified position of Casa de Mata. Scotts intelligence reports also suggested that the Molino was being used to cast cannon from church bells sent down from the city. As the bulk of his army would not be ready to assault Mexico City for several days, Scott determined to conduct a minor action against the Molino in the meantime. For the operation, he selected Major General William J. Worths division which was located at nearby Tacubaya. Plans Aware of Scotts intentions, Santa Anna ordered five brigades, supported by artillery, to defend the Molino and Casa de Mata. These were overseen by Brigadier Generals Antonio Leon and Francisco Perez. To the west, he stationed around 4,000 cavalry under General Juan Alvarez with the hope of striking the American flank. Forming his men before dawn on September 8, Worth intended to spearhead his attack with a 500-man storming party led by Major George Wright. In the center of his line, Worth placed Colonel James Duncans battery with orders to reduce the Molino and eliminate the enemy artillery. To the right, Brigadier General John Garlands brigade, supported by Hugers Battery, had orders to block potential reinforcements from Chapultepec before striking the Molino from the east. Brigadier General Newman Clarkes brigade (temporarily led by Lieutenant Colonel James S. McIntosh) was directed to move west and assault the Casa de Mata. Armies Commanders United States Major General Winfield ScottMajor General William J. Worth3,500 men Mexico Brigadier General Antonio LeonBrigadier General Francisco Perezapprox. 14,000 men in the area The Attack Begins As the infantry moved forward, a force of 270 dragoons, led by Major Edwin V. Sumner, screened the American left flank. To aid in operation, Scott assigned Brigadier General George Cadwalladers brigade to Worth as a reserve. At 3:00 AM, Worths division began advancing guided by scouts James Mason and James Duncan. Though the Mexican position was strong, it was undermined by the fact that Santa Anna had not placed anyone in overall command of its defense. As American artillery pounded the Molino, Wrights party charged forward. Attacking under heavy fire, they succeeded in overrunning the enemy lines outside the Molino. Turning the Mexican artillery on the defenders, they soon came under heavy counterattacks as the enemy realized that the American force was small (Map). A Bloody Victory In the resulting fighting, the storming party lost eleven of fourteen officers, including Wright. With this thrust faltering, Garlands brigade swept in from the east. In bitter fighting they managed to drive off the Mexicans and secure the Molino. Haven taken this objective, Worth ordered his artillery to shift their fire to the Casa de Mata and directed McIntosh to attack. Advancing, McIntosh quickly found that the Casa was a stone fortress and not an earthen fort as originally believed. Surrounding the Mexican position, the Americans attacked and were repulsed. Briefly withdrawing, the Americans witnessed Mexican troops sortie from the Casa and kill nearby wounded soldiers. With the battle at the Casa de Mata progressing, Worth was alerted to Alvarezs presence to across a ravine to the west. Fire from Duncans guns kept the Mexican cavalry at bay and Sumners small force crossed the ravine to provide further protection. Though artillery fire was slowly reducing the Casa de Mata, Worth directed McIntosh to attack again. In the resulting assault, McIntosh was killed as was his replacement. A third brigade commander was severely wounded. Again falling back, the Americans allowed Duncans guns to do their work and the garrison abandoned the post a short time later. With the Mexican retreat, the battle ended. Aftermath Though it lasted only two hours, the Battle of Molino del Rey proved one of the bloodiest of the conflict. American casualties numbered 116 killed and 671 wounded, including several senior officers. Mexican losses totaled 269 killed as well as approximately 500 wounded and 852 captured. In the wake of the battle, no evidence was found that the Molino del Rey was being used as a cannon foundry. Though Scott ultimately gained little from the Battle of Molino del Rey, it did serve as another blow to the already low Mexican morale. Forming his army over the coming days, Scott attacked Mexico City on September 13. Winning the Battle of Chapultepec, he captured the city and effectively won the war.

Hunting The Benefits Of Wildlife Conservation - 1237 Words

The Benefits of Hunting Conservation is the protection and preservation of nature (Peterson 53). Hunting is an important part of the conservation of wildlife. Hunting is widely considered a crucial part of wildlife conservation. Hunting benefits wildlife by controlling the population, raising funds for wildlife conservation, and protect wildlife. In America, there are 15 million hunters annually (â€Å"Hunting conservation†1). Hunting is a common activity around the world. Hunting is performed for several reasons. Some hunt to provide food, while others hunt for enjoyment. Hunters are among the foremost supporters of wildlife conservation (1). Through many ways they help benefit wildlife. Hunting is used as a management tool around the world.†¦show more content†¦Hunting is a valuable source of funding for conservation. Hunters pay fees and taxes, which go towards wildlife management programs (Peterson 22-23). According to North Carolina Wildlife Resource Commission â€Å"hunting related spending supports wildlife agencies through license sales and the excise tax on hunting equipment† (â€Å"Benefits† 1). There have been many federal efforts to create funding for conservation from hunting. The Pittman-Robertson act was established to raise funds for conservation by levying taxes and fees (Gooch 2). The Pittman- Robertson act has raised $10.1 billion since it was enacted in 1937 (Guiden 3). This money is used for conservation all over the country. According to The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service â€Å"the sale of hunting license, tags, and stamps is the primary source of funding for most state wildlife conservation efforts† (â€Å"Fish and Wildlife† 1). State License and fees raise $796 million a year for conservation programs (â€Å"25 reasons† 1). For example, â€Å"In Michigan, hunters pay for approximately 80 percent of the Department of Natural Resources’ wildlife management† (â€Å"Hunting and wildlife† 1). These programs have helped preserve the wildlife of the state for future generations. The funding from hunting has been very successful in supporting wildlife management. North America Contained Only 41,000 elk in 1907(â€Å"25 reasons† 1). Today there are over 1 million elk in North America (1). Lastly, hunting isShow MoreRelatedHunting Benefits Wildlife Conservation2777 Words   |  11 Pagesdifferent big-game and small-game species of wildlife. The list ranges from the elusive racoon to the prosperous white-tailed deer, and even to the beastly grizzly bear. Since the United States government adopted the concept of conservation, due partly to the great acts of President Theodore Roosevelt, its has been our moral responsibility to protect the game species of America (Belanger). Our country provides a professional and sufficient way to guide conservation and to develop, regulate, and manageRead MoreHunting Is An Essential Component Of Conservation944 Words   |  4 Pageshistory of hunting reveals that hunters of today share many of the same motivations and methods as ancient hunters. While technology and accessories may be different that those used for hunting thousands of years ago, the ability to take down an animal is something to be celebrated. When you learn the history of hunting, you’ll gain greater appreciation for this old tradition. Hunting is an essential component of conservation and can be used in everyday life; it has been a part of American historyRead MoreHunting : An Effective Tool For Wildlife Management And Preservation Of Wildlife1577 Words   |  7 Pages Hunting not only provides people with healthy organic meat, it is also instrumental in the management and preservation of wildlife not only through the hunting itself, but also by the money generated by hunters that is used for this purpose. Hunting has existed since the dawn of time and continues to play a key role in providing people with the food they need to survive. Hunting plays many important roles in our world and has been a very effective tool for wildlife management and hopefullyRead MoreHunting: an Act of Conservation1175 Words   |  5 PagesAugust 4, 1025 Hunting: An Act of Conservation Some would say hunting is simply a sport, while others would say it provides assistance in conservation efforts. â€Å"Conservation is defined as a careful preservation and protection of something; especially planned management of a natural resource to prevent exploitation, destruction, or neglect† (Merriam-Webster, n.d.) Hunting serves as an act of conservation, by assisting in population control, while also providing funding for wildlife management through Read MoreHunting Is Not Only Sustainable1464 Words   |  6 PagesHunting has been a way of life and means of survival for many different people groups throughout history. Today however, a large portion of society is becoming less tolerant towards hunting. This anti-hunting sentiment comes as a result of poor hunting practices in the past which damaged wildlife populations; however, much has been done since then to improve the practice of hunting. Hunting today both sustains and helps conserve wildlife. Hunting practices today are sustainable because of strictRead MoreThe Big Hunting Game By Ernest Hemingway And Theodore Roosevelt1372 Words   |  6 PagesThe Big Hunting Game Since ancient times, humans for the necessity of food, hunted wild animals, as they did not know how to organize a farm. They lived as nomads following the movement of their prey. Then the man began to breed animals, and this allowed him to have a fixed residence and hunting was no longer necessary, though not as much. Now, the hunt is no longer practiced for food, but for fun and sport, called Big Hunting. Captured and killed for trophies sport in Africa, the hunting of animalsRead MorePictravels Actions On National Wildlife Refuges1084 Words   |  5 PagesTake of Wildlife, and Public Participating and Close Procedures, on National Wildlife Refuges in Alaska. This rule prohibited: hunting brown bears, wolves and coyotes (including pups and from within their den), expansion of season lengths or increases bag limits, same-day airborne take of bears and prevented loopholes for trapping and snaring of bears and selling their parts (Arctic National†¦2015). HJR 69 came about not fr om science, but rather the emotions of state politicians and hunting groupsRead MoreHosting A Hunt Protect The Hunted : Pros And Cons1650 Words   |  7 Pagesthere were several benefits to go along with the drawbacks? The scenario I am referring to is if a professional hunter sold tickets for $1500.00 a piece and maxed the amount of tickets to 100 tickets. The money he received from this hunt would go towards lion conservation only and not into his own pockets. The money the lion conservation efforts would receive would be approximately $150,000.00 (not including taxes taken out). The idea of this much money going towards lion conservation to an average americanRead MoreHunting : A Animal s Rights Activist938 Words   |  4 PagesSome might think of hunting as a cruel way to obtain food and it is no longer needed for survival, but it is much more than that. Hunting has many others benefits than just a source of food. It helps control population, provides resources, and is a bette r life for the animals outside of captivity. Hunting is important in maintaining wildlife conservation and should be continued in the United States and in other countries. Author Noah Berlatsky, a animal s rights activist strongly disagrees withRead MoreNature Conservation And Its Impacts On Local Communities1642 Words   |  7 PagesHOW NEOLIBERALISATION FLOURISHES IN NATURE CONSERVATION AND ITS IMPACTS ON LOCAL COMMUNITIES. Neoliberalism has had its footprints marked in the sands of history. It has had it limits and it has had its advantages but all those depends on who is the subject we look at. Neoliberalism can be defined in a lot of different ways by scholars but the general definition of neoliberalism is the political term used for the theory whereby the economy is open to investors, and the free market is given priority

Discuss one or more biological and psychological explanation of schizophrenia free essay sample

There appears to be a tendency for schizophrenia to run in families. This suggests that genes and biological factors play a role in the explanation of schizophrenia.. The closer the genetic relationship the more likely the people are to share the disorder. Evidence from family studies by Gottesman showed that when both parent are schizophrenic then there is a 46% chance of the child getting it, however, if only one parent had it, it dropped to 16% and dropped to a further 1% when the sibling of the child had schizophrenia. This suggests that a genetic factor is involved. Gottesman also looked at schizophrenics whose father had an identical twin. He found that there was a 17% of being schizophrenic when the father was but he also found that there was also 17% chance of developing the disease when the father’s twin had schizophrenia but the father didn’t. MZ twins share 100% of their genes; DZ twins share 50% of their genes. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss one or more biological and psychological explanation of schizophrenia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If genes are a factor we would expect more identical twins to share the disorder than non-identical. Rosenthal took a case study which had a set of female quadruplets. They all developed schizophrenia although the onset and symptoms were very different. This could have been a result of having a troubled upbringing. This suggests a strong heritable component. However, most first degree relatives and twins share the same or similar environments so it is difficult to separate genetic and environmental influences. Adoption studies compare people who have been raised in a different environment from their biological relatives. If they have similarities with their biological relatives this should be due to genes. Evidence from adoption studies, such as, Tenari’s study that had a longitudinal study of 155 schizophrenic mothers who gave up their children for adoption. These were compared with 155 adopted children who did not had a schizophrenic mother. Once these children reached adulthood there was a 10. 3% chance of developing schizophrenia when the mothers also carried the disease whereas the children who had healthy mothers only had a 1. 1% chance of getting schizophrenia This suggests genes rather than the environment have caused the disorder in these cases. However, adopted twins may still have shared similar environments. Even when the adopted environments are similar there is still the shared experience in the womb and at birth so pre-natal viruses or birth trauma may have had an effect. Overall the evidence suggests that genes play a part but nature cannot completely explain schizophrenia as there is not a 100% concordance rate. Nurture needs to be considered and the evidence suggests environmental factors must play a part. Without knowing the specific genes involved we can’t explain how these contribute to the development of schizophrenia, however the current advances in research into the mapping of genes may bring more insight to the process. One of the key psychological explanations of Schizophrenia is the double bind theory, this was developed by Bateson. He proposed that children who frequently receive contradictory messages from their parents are more likely to develop schizophrenia. For example if a mother tells her daughter that she loves her, but at the same time turns away in disgust, the child receives two conflicting messages about their relationship on different communicative levels, one of affection on the verbal level, and one of animosity on the non-verbal level. Therefore, the child becomes confused about how to respond to this situation as the two messages invalidate each other and so the child then develops one of the key symptoms of schizophrenics, that is, withdrawal. This is because it is used as a coping mechanism as it is seen as better to just dissolve away in this social situation instead of make sense of it. This theory also fits in with another major part of schizophrenia this is the inability to construct reality. This is because as the two statements give contradictory messages they cannot interpret this properly. A non-schizophrenic might just think they are turning away because the mother is just getting on with something else but the schizophrenic cannot establish this logic. This theory has some evidence to support it, for instance Berger used a retrospective method. He gave out a questionnaire containing 30 double bind statements and asked the participants to rate them on a 4 point scale in terms of how frequently they recalled their mothers using these type of statements. Berger found that the schizophrenics consistently reported a higher incidence of these statements than one of the comparison groups (college students). However he found that the schizophrenics’ scores were not significantly higher than the other comparison groups who also had psychiatric and medical conditions. Therefore, this research provides some evidence for the double bind theory. However with any retroactive study interpretability of findings is limited by the fact that recall may be unequally biased in the schizophrenic group. This is because of their disorganised thought processes. On the other hand, there is some research that does not support Bateson’s double bind theory for example Liem measured patterns of parental communication in families with a schizophrenic child and found no difference when compared to normal families. Therefore, this statement disproves double bind theory and seems to suggest it is useless. It was obvious that families may be involved in the progress of the condition, but they are unlikely to have been the cause of it. However, the environment the schizophrenia sufferer returns to after treatment influences the likelihood of successful recovery. Homes where face-to-face interaction is characterised by intense emotional concern or criticism are less conducive to recovery than homes with more emotionally stable interactions. Relapse rates are highest where contact is most fraught. Brown (1972) showed that patients who returned from hospital to homes where there was a high level of emotionality (High levels of Emotion were Expressed — HEE) were more likely to have a relapse, and would have it sooner than those with LEE (Low levels of Emotion Expressed) families. The kinds of emotions that were expressed were high levels of concern for the sufferers, leading to doing everything for them, being highly critical of their attempts to help themselves, and being very ‘strung out’ generally. These families were characterised by people (mothers usually) rushing around and driving themselves to exhaustion, looking after each other, fussing constantly and being overly possessive. Vaughn and Leff (1976) found 51 per cent of schizophrenic relapses in HEE families, compared to 13 per cent in LEE homes. The more contact the sufferer had with HEE relatives, the higher the relapse rate. The evidence for the effect of other family members and their emotional responses on recovery from schizophrenia is now well established (and the care package for schizophrenia recovery usually includes some education and support for other family members). Evidence for the importance of expressed emotion has been found in studies across different cultures so there can be little doubt of its importance in explaining relapse. Unfortunately for the EE explanation, there are also high relapse rates amongst those recovering from schizophrenia who are not in contact with any former family members, so the expressed emotion hypothesis may not be entirely true.

Japanese Temple Architecture Essay Example For Students

Japanese Temple Architecture Essay Architecture has always been a reflection of nations customs and traditions. According to Robert Treat Paine et. al. (1955), ancient religious architectural monuments of Japan are Shinto and Buddhist places of worship like shrines, monasteries and temples. Temple architecture in Japan began to develop shortly after the spreading of basic doctrines of Buddhism in the middle of the VI century from the Korean state Paekche. Buddhist belief was not only a new and very profound philosophy for Japanese, but one of the most impressive examples of a developed culture of the Asian continent. By the end of the VI century Japan has built up impressive monasteries based on the continental model, and by mid-VIII century it has developed a national system of building temples. Pagoda was the main element of Buddhist religious architecture. Like other buildings of the temple, this element was complex because of the sculptural and pictorial images saved as a real line with the ideas of faith. During the classical (VIII-XII cc.) and the medieval (XIII-XVI cc.) periods Buddhist architecture was leading in introduction of new structural and ornamental features. Thus, the Buddhist structures were crucial not only for Japanese architecture, but also for all Japanese art (Paine, et. al., 1955). Shinto, or the way of the gods, was a common Japanese religion. The roots of its architecture were dated back to the origins of Japanese civilization. Shinto temples had their own unique forms. For example, the construction of the magnificent sanctuary of Ise embodied the best of Japanese traditions even though different aesthetic simplicity that drew the most ancient forms of architecture (Paine, et. al., 1955). Plans for a larger number of Shinto Shrines acquired mature form only in the VIII because at that time Japan was already under deep influence of Buddhism, which led to the close connection between two religions in the history of architecture. Thus, the temple Toshogu Shrine in Nikko, the mausoleum of the first Shogun Tokugawa, looks, as a Buddhist structure at first glance because of the thin ornament, though it is Shinto. Outline1 Shinto Temples2 The Overall Layout of Shinto Temples3 Buddhist Architecture4 Buddhist Complex Layout5 Japanese temple-monastery originally consisted of seven elements: Shinto Temples Shinto was formed long before the acquisition by the Japanese written language and had no sacred books of the prophets or the founders of the doctrine (Metevelis, 2002). There is no doctrine itself, which is a characteristic of paganism. In Shinto Gods, or kami in Japanese (which literally means the one who is above), were everything that could have a soul. Later, a certain dogmatic base was made up because of the influence of Buddhism. Animist religion worships not only anthropomorphic deities, but also attributed elements of nature, especially certain mountains and trees that inspire awe. Early shrines did not have the monumental architecture of late Shinto structures. For some shrines like the sanctuary Miwa (Nara Prefecture) and Kanasana (Saitama Prefecture) the main object of worship was a mountain. Even today they do not have a building that could be attributed to as main hall (honden). They are enclosures that are considered sacred sites. This is usually a rectangular area covered by pebbles, surrounded by stones and by a bunch of straw, which connects the four corner posts. Indeed, the center of the sanctuary Miwa is a massive rock on Mount Miwa. Sometimes in the middle of such a sacred place there is a stone (Iwasaki), or pole, or a tree (himorogi). At the base of the mountain is a small hall for worship (hayden) and Torii specific poles and gates, that mark the Shinto shrine. .uff1755934b85ee5d6204a199c38a937b , .uff1755934b85ee5d6204a199c38a937b .postImageUrl , .uff1755934b85ee5d6204a199c38a937b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uff1755934b85ee5d6204a199c38a937b , .uff1755934b85ee5d6204a199c38a937b:hover , .uff1755934b85ee5d6204a199c38a937b:visited , .uff1755934b85ee5d6204a199c38a937b:active { border:0!important; } .uff1755934b85ee5d6204a199c38a937b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uff1755934b85ee5d6204a199c38a937b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uff1755934b85ee5d6204a199c38a937b:active , .uff1755934b85ee5d6204a199c38a937b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uff1755934b85ee5d6204a199c38a937b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uff1755934b85ee5d6204a199c38a937b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uff1755934b85ee5d6204a199c38a937b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uff1755934b85ee5d6204a199c38a937b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uff1755934b85ee5d6204a199c38a937b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uff1755934b85ee5d6204a199c38a937b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uff1755934b85ee5d6204a199c38a937b .uff1755934b85ee5d6204a199c38a937b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uff1755934b85ee5d6204a199c38a937b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: History atomic bomb EssayThe existing complex had shrines constructed in order to pray the gods for a bountiful harvest, or to express gratitude for good crops. These earliest places of worship shrines prototypes were found in the center of the village or near mountains, boulders and other places where, as people believed, gods lived. These shrines were simple pits considered to be the guardians of life and prosperity. Their original design featured a temporary nature. Their form was unknown, but one can assume that they were similar to the shrines Mikos, transported on poles during the holidays in honor to increase harvest. For example, placement of sanctuaries Kasuga a nd Camo on the rocks suggests that they originally were there (Rynolds, 2001). The Overall Layout of Shinto Temples There is tendency for all Shinto temples layout. An important part of Shinto religious architecture is the gates to the temple called Torii (Japanese Architecture, 2009). Torii are arches, resembling a Greek letter ? with two beams. The upper beam is longer and slightly concave than the other one. Previously, they were built only of wood and always painted in red. They were followed by a steam statue Korean dogs that suppressed evil spirits. A common Shinto temple complex consisted of two or more buildings. The main building designed for kami was called honden. A hall for prayers was called hayden; this was the place for an altar (Japanese Architecture, 2009). In the main room there was Xingtai (literally it means the body of Kami). It was believed that the soul was infused in Xingtai kami. Body of kami could be a stone, a tree branch, a mirror, a sword, or a wooden plaque on which is written the name this god. Besides the two main buildings of the temple complex, there could be included other auxiliary structures such as a hall for offerings, sinsendze (a place for making sacred food), syamuse (a space for an audience), haraidze (a place for spells), kaguraden (a stage for dancing), etc. There were special pools for ritual washing of mouth and hands between Torii and honden. Buddhist Architecture In mid VI century Japan established as a state. At the same time, Buddhism has spread in the country a world religion that came to Japan from China via Korea. Buddhism became the vehicle of not only the new ideology of society, but also new forms of art (Slessor, 2001). The penetration of Buddhism into Japan, which was connected so important to the medieval art of human perception of unity of spirit and flesh, heaven and earth, was reflected in the development of Japanese art, particularly architecture. Buddhism brought to Japan not only new architectural forms, but also new technology development. This brought development of a special layout of the temple complex for Japanese temple construction. The most important technical innovation was the construction of stone foundations. In ancient Shinto buildings, the whole weight of the building was from dug into the ground in piles, which, naturally, limited the size of buildings (Cram, n.d.). Starting from the Asuka period (552-645), ro of with curved surfaces and raised angles were spreading. Today it is impossible to imagine Japanese temples and pagodas curved roofs from the Asuka period. Buddhist Complex Layout Buddhist temple complexes differed in layout depending on whether they were built in the mountains or the plains. Those temples that were built on the plains had symmetrical arrangement of buildings. Temples that were built in the mountainous terrains were not symmetrical. Therefore, architects had to find a concrete solution every time to the most convenient arrangement of buildings of the temple complex (Coaldrake, 1996). Japanese temple-monastery originally consisted of seven elements: External Gate (Samoan) Principal, or Golden Hall (Kondo) Hall for sermons (Kodo) Drum or Bell Tower (coronal or suro) Repository sutras (Kedzie) Treasury (sesoin) and, finally, Tiered pagoda. .udf313efec7843bab7a0f45abedced96a , .udf313efec7843bab7a0f45abedced96a .postImageUrl , .udf313efec7843bab7a0f45abedced96a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udf313efec7843bab7a0f45abedced96a , .udf313efec7843bab7a0f45abedced96a:hover , .udf313efec7843bab7a0f45abedced96a:visited , .udf313efec7843bab7a0f45abedced96a:active { border:0!important; } .udf313efec7843bab7a0f45abedced96a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udf313efec7843bab7a0f45abedced96a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udf313efec7843bab7a0f45abedced96a:active , .udf313efec7843bab7a0f45abedced96a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udf313efec7843bab7a0f45abedced96a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udf313efec7843bab7a0f45abedced96a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udf313efec7843bab7a0f45abedced96a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udf313efec7843bab7a0f45abedced96a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udf313efec7843bab7a0f45abedced96a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udf313efec7843bab7a0f45abedced96a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udf313efec7843bab7a0f45abedced96a .udf313efec7843bab7a0f45abedced96a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udf313efec7843bab7a0f45abedced96a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Forgiveness EssayCovered galleries along with the temple gates often represented a notable architecturally separate building. The complex also included living quarters for monks and a dining hall. Conclusion Architecture of temples in Japan reflects the historical development of the state. Temples of Shintoism and Buddhism influenced each other from the beginning. The construction of temples was rethinking in the visual-sensual form of the major tenets of doctrine. Shinto gods led nature and the fate people while Buddhism provided peace in the country. Above all, a temple had to symbolize a house of God, and the architects did everything in order to deliver these feelings to peole. First building of temples was concentrated on large size and strength. Later they had more artfully decorated interior and exterior details. The development of religious thought and spreading the faith is closely connected with the construction of temples. Also, depending on the type of governments, ruling in a given period, the temple complex bore those imprints. The protection of a supreme class partly determined stylistic characteristics of the buildings in the monastery ensemble. Thereafter, when the country is actually ruled by the military class, the church was inclined to trend higher decoration of external and internal parts of the structure.