How the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou Essay

In the chapter 15 as we call Sister Flowers from How the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou, allows us the readers to experience the day with Margareute Johnson through her writing style as if we were experiencing it through her eyes and deep inside her thoughts. Her use of imagery, metaphors, similes and narration helps us paint and imagine a vivid picture in our own minds. Just like when Angelou is describing Sister Flowers, â€Å"Her skin was a rich black that would have peeled like a plum if snagged . . .† Her use of a simile comparing a plum helps us imagine the details such as being smooth, soft, and shiny, just as she saw Sister Flower’s dark black skin. Her use of imagery helps us experience things she saw, the smells she smelt, as if we were right there experiencing it with her. â€Å"The sweet scent of vanilla had met us as she opened the door.† As we read this we can in our heads invent in our minds how Sister Flowers house smelled like vanilla, as she was about to step into her house. Angelou gets us thinking that Sister Flowers had probably just got done baking. â€Å"They were flat round wagers, slightly browned on the edges and butter-yellow in the center.† Angelou already gave us her sense of smell, now she is using imagery to describe her sense of sight of the cookies that Sister Flowers just baked especially for Margareute. Now she is getting our mouths watering for some of Sister Flower’s cookies. Angelou with out a doubt had a good writing style using a lot of similes, imagery, metaphors, and narration to improve our ability to acknowledge every little smell, every little detail and that she saw, just pretty much everything that was going through her head as she was living it first hand.

Historical Development of Labour Law

The origins of labour law can be traced back to the remote past and the most varied parts of the world. While European writers often attach importance to the guilds and apprenticeship systems of the medieval world, some Asian scholars have identified labour standards as far back as the Laws of Hammurabi and rules for labour–management relations in the Laws of Manu; Latin-American authors point to the Laws of the Indies promulgated by Spain in the 17th century for its New World territories. None of these can be regarded as more than anticipations, with only limited influence on subsequent developments. Labour law as it is known today is essentially the child of successive industrial revolutions from the 18th century onward. It became necessary when customary restraints and the intimacy of employment relationships in small communities ceased to provide adequate protection against the abuses incidental to new forms of mining and manufacture on a rapidly increasing scale at precisely the time when the 18th-century Enlightenment, the French Revolution, and the political forces that they set in motion were creating the elements of the modern social conscience. It developed rather slowly, chiefly in the more industrialized countries of western Europe, during the 19th century and has attained its present importance, relative maturity, and worldwide acceptance only during the 20th century. The first landmark of modern labour law was the British Health and Morals of Apprentices Act of 1802, sponsored by the elder Sir Robert Peel. Similar legislation for the protection of the young was adopted in Zurich in 1815 and in France in 1841. By 1848 the first legal limitation of the working hours of adults was adopted by the Landsgemeinde (citizens’ assembly) of the Swiss canton of Glarus. Sickness insurance and workmen’s compensation were pioneered by Germany in 1883 and 1884, and compulsory arbitration in industrial disputes was introduced in New Zealand in the 1890s. The progress of labour legislation outside western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand was slow until after World War I. The more industrialized states of the United States began to enact such legislation toward the end of the 19th century, but the bulk of the present labour legislation of the United States was not adopted until after the Depression of the 1930s. There was virtually no labour legislation in Russia prior to the October Revolution of 1917. In India children between the ages of seven and 12 were limited to nine hours of work per day in 1881 and adult males in textile mills to 10 hours per day in 1911, but the first major advance was the amendment of the Factory Act in 1922 to give effect to conventions adopted at the first session of the International Labour Conference at Washington, D. C. , in 1919. In Japan rudimentary regulations on work in mines were introduced in 1890, but a proposed factory act was controversial for 30 years before it was adopted in 1911, and the decisive step was the revision of this act in 1923 to give effect to the Washington Convention on hours of work in industry. Labour legislation in Latin America began in Argentina in the early years of the century and received a powerful impetus from the Mexican Revolution, which ended in 1917, but, as in North America, the trend became general only with the impact of the Great Depression. In Africa the progress of labour legislation became significant only from the 1940s onward. The legal recognition of the right of association for trade union purposes has a distinctive history. There is no other aspect of labour law in which successive phases of progress and regression have been more decisively influenced by political changes and considerations. The legal prohibition of such association was repealed in the United Kingdom in 1824 and in France in 1884; there have been many subsequent changes in the law and may well be further changes, but these have related to matters of detail rather than to fundamental principles. In the United States freedom of association for trade union purposes remained precarious and subject to the unpredictable scope of the labour injunction, by means of which the courts helped restrain trade union activity until the 1930s. The breakthrough for trade unionism and collective bargaining was achieved by the National Labor Relations Act of 1935. In many other countries the record of progress and regression with respect to freedom of association falls into clearly distinguished periods separated by decisive political changes. This has certainly been the case with Germany, Italy, Spain, Japan, and much of eastern Europe; there have been many illustrations of it, and there may well be more in the developing world. Labour codes or other forms of comprehensive labour legislation and inistries of labour were not introduced until the 20th century. The first labour code (which, like many of its successors, was a consolidation rather than a codification) was projected in France in 1901 and promulgated in stages from 1910 to 1927. Among the more advanced formulations affecting the general condition of labour were the Mexican Constitution of 1917 and the Weimar Constitution of Germany of 1919, both of which gave constitutional status to certain general principles of social policy regarding economic rights. Provisions of this kind have become increasingly common and are now widespread in all parts of the world. Departments or ministries of labour responsible for the effective administration of labour legislation and for promoting its future development were established in Canada in 1900, in France in 1906, in the United States in 1913, in the United Kingdom in 1916, and in Germany in 1918. They became general in Europe and were established in India and Japan during the following years and became common in Latin America in the ’30s. A labour office was established in Egypt in 1930, but only in the ’40s and ’50s did similar arrangements begin to take root elsewhere in Asia and Africa. Under differing political circumstances there continue, of course, to be wide variations in the authority and effectiveness of such administrative machinery.

Case Studies 2 and 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case Studies 2 and 3 - Essay Example Applying the top down model to the issue, the major requirement is identified as providing shared access to all the employees to the resources in the company. This can then be broken down further into smaller requirements based on the issues faced by the employees (Goldman & Rawles, 2004). These requirements are listed below: The requirements identified are each broken further to simpler ones to arrive at the solution. The solution is to connect all the computers to one another and also to the Internet. In addition, provide the architects with access to files in the network. 1. Software: In order to form a network within the office, the Operating System should support the facility. Hence the current Windows 98 has to be upgraded to Windows 2000 Professional version as it is LAN (Local Area Network) ready. A Windows Server 2000 OS is installed in order to facilitate sharing files in a common server. 2. Internet Access: The current Dial – Up connection will not facilitate multiple connections at the same time. Hence it is replaced with an ADSL connection (which requires an access router and a DSL modem). 3. Printer Access: The Laser Printer needs to be attached to the Ethernet, so that any of the employees connected to the network can print the files (this is facilitated by the Windows Server 2000 OS). It is evident that the solution implemented by Lane Communications is a success, as the number of design contracts have increased. The main reason for this success is the increase in productivity of the employees. The architects and the layout artist can access the Internet at the same time reducing the idle time (when they had to wait for their turn earlier). File sharing and printing are also improved as the employees need not waste their time in storing in disks and transferring them twice. This will reduce the work load on administrative assistant who

Online Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Online Education - Research Paper Example the biggest segment of online education is covered by massive open online courses that provide people from all over the world with free and sometimes pre-paid online courses on multiple disciplines. These courses are collections of particular courses, previously learned by students of different universities (Mayadas, Bourne, and Bacsich 85). The professors who taught them in the universities also work for the massive open online courses’ services and read the lectures for everyone who signs up for their courses online. Massive open online courses (MOOC) are internet classes with large-scale interactive participation and public access through the Internet, so learning content is available online to any person who wants to take a course with no limit on attendance. They are structured similar to traditional higher education courses (Martin 26), in which students watch lectures, read assigned material, participate in online discussions and forums and complete quizzes and tests on the course material. Nevertheless, MOOCs try to make the online education more effective than the traditional class room methods (Kolukuluri n. pag). Further claims have been made that short videos complement the optimal attention span of students and that discussion forums provide an adequate replacement of direct teacher–student interactions, which would be considered as normal for a class delivered on campus (Glance 5). MOOCs are typically provided by higher education institutions, often in partnership with â€Å" organizers† such as Coursera, edX and Udacity, though some MOOCs are being offered directly by college or university (as Stanford does). The MOOCs’ constructions are rather similar from source to source, but let’s consider the structure of Coursera courses as an example. In the description of each course the level of required previous knowledge for its successful mastering is indicated. Many courses are available for the beginners, while other courses require the

E-business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

E-business - Essay Example The development of the websites is conducted to suit separate business needs pertaining to online applications. The website developers plan out the structural patterns of the website through maintaining a collaborative interaction with other potential departments of the company pertaining to the marketing, sales and operational sectors. Designing of the websites is done to help the business achieve both short and long term business goals through the optimum utilisation of the existing organisational resources. Again in terms of development of the website content the developers are required to have an open eye to the change dynamics in both the external and internal business sphere. This focusing on the change aspects helps the developers in continuously updating the contents posted to help in generating potential information to the large range of customers. Designing of website structures and contents also requires the web developers to conduct a total survey of external market condi tions so as to render attractive features in the page developed. Innovation and sophistication enabled in the webpage developed helps the products and services of the business concern to stand apart from its potential competitors in drawing more number of consumers. The codes developed for designing the websites thus must be continuously reviewed against the changes made in business policies and objectives to render enhanced productivity in such. Through working in a collaborative business sphere with large number of market research and business expert large amounts of potential data can also be collected to evaluate the potential of rendering such changes in the web portal (Taylor, Parish & Fiden, 2007,p.63-64). Development of the contents of the website to satisfy the needs of

A comparison of the US investor visa and the Canadian investor visa Research Paper

A comparison of the US investor visa and the Canadian investor visa - Research Paper Example The intention of this study is immigration as the act of people belonging to various countries passing or coming into another country to stay there permanently. All around the world, most immigrants have to obtain a visa for their movement from one place to another. All countries of the world have their own demarcated boundaries. No outside person can enter a country without a legal document certifying the entry, i.e. a visa against that countries immigration act. Thus a visa is a legal seal or a documented permission to enter a country. Mostly it is a stamp in the passport of the applicant. The visa gives details about the background of the person, so as to avoid conflict, terrorism or any problems from any dangerous persons and also helps to keep a count on the number of people entering a country. In this paper we lay special focus on the differences in the two visas and their impact, with a special emphasis on Chinese immigration to the US and Canada. From the huge number of migra ting people every year to the US and Canada, a major number of them are Asians, mainly from China and India. The huge number of investor visas issued to Chinese immigrants has been increasing over the years and has been attributed to their wealth. From times immortal, many people from around the world have immigrated to the US for a better standard of living and the ‘American Dream’. However, as immigrants faced struggles in the new land to build their future, the natives complained of lost jobs and distorted cultures. Previously the policies for immigrants in the US were very liberal, but later on complex laws were devised to check the quality of the immigrants (Anderson, 2010, p. 1). Access to high skilled immigrants was of utmost importance for fostering competition within the US companies in the global market. New rules do not allow foreign talented individuals to stay in the US for a long time. This rule in particular encouraged companies to seek talent outside the country in the form of outsourcing. Many companies had also built setups in neighboring countries like Canada because of the high level of restrictions in the US (Anderson, 2010, p. 119). Investor visas were created to encourage foreign investors to put in money in a significant manner in the economy of the host country, in exchange for permanent residency, Green card in case of the US and Maple card in case of Canada, so that it may result in overall job creation in the host country. Both the USA and Canada have introduced investor or entrepreneur visas to encourage foreign entrepreneurs to settle in their countries and provide work to people there.

Formal Report Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Formal Report Presentation - Essay Example Inspiration to be physical therapy assistant: The inspiration to be assistant physical therapists goes back to my younger years. My favorite uncle got a car accident, which made him almost immobile. With curiosity, I asked whether my uncle would ever walk again. I missed the many walks and trails he took me to almost every fortnight. My mother informed that my uncle would be better through physical therapy. As young as I was, I never forgot that name despite the fact that it was beyond my age knowledge. It was challenging to see my uncle go through physical therapy. From that time onwards, I decided that I learn physical therapy to assist people like my uncle. It was beyond my imagination, thinking just how many people suffer from such problems in the world. The need and demand for physical therapy assistant services: According to the Government of Canada (2013), the demand for physical therapy has increased over the years. The United States Department of Labor (2012) indicates there is high demand for physical therapists in the United States. The high number of accidents and violence has increased the demand for the physical therapy services. Why Physical therapy is important to me: the fact that my uncle walked eventually, even though he limbs was a revelation that many people in the society can get help and be better. In that regard, I focused on physical therapy because it could touch the lives of many people in the society significantly. My future: it is my desire to continue serving the society in my current role. In the future, I would like to assist in addressing the problems this medical field faces. Improvement in physical therapy field will affect even more people by improving their lives for the better. Doctor Stewart: Physical therapy is a solution to immobility. This medical field has made it possible for accident victims to be mobile again in the future. The kind of

The Global Justice Concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Global Justice Concept - Essay Example   The government is grounded on the concepts of fairness, equality, justice, and protection of the people's mutual interests. The government must do its share to ensure the citizens achieve their unique societal goals and objectives. The social contracts, including the United States constitution, reduce or prevent constant wars among individuals and communities. The social contracts ensure everyone will strive to comply with the contracts' provisions of justice for all stakeholders (Souryal 75).  Christian Unity Model  During John Winthrop’s sailing towards the brave new world, the Puritan religion’s Winthrop espoused his fellow ship passengers to become the beacons or guides for all humans everywhere (Gardner 106).   The New World is the current United States of America. Winthrop is a rich land owner and government officer in England. The ship was going to propagate the Christian brand of justice in the New World environment, in the other part of the world. The speech was done during his 1630 trip to New England. Winthrop's speech persuaded his fellow ship travelers to firmly establish the New England society's ecclesiastical (religious) government format.   Under the format, Winthrop convinced his fellow Christian followers to ensure the citizens of the New World will implement all religious policies or concepts. Winthrop insisted his fellow Puritan followers must establish the civil government, not the military government, within the New England community (Gardner 106).

Running Header Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Running Header - Essay Example Language is the tool for expression of thought. This is the central idea whereby this paper is conceived, since we want to establish the role that language play in the process of thinking. My family have been blessed with opportunity and a particular fascination with travelling, my mother works for a magazine company and she writes articles about the places she visits while my father works for an executive corporation that practically has offices in almost all major cities in Asia. We do family trips every summer and this year we visited Shanghai, one of my memorable trips in the Far East. One of the things I immediately notice, the first day we arrived is that the city was "buzzing" with different kinds of noise. Their streets were as busy as the time square in New York, and most of the people drive bicycle to get them to their destination. I had difficulty going around town since most of them only speak their "native tongue" and there were few people who can converse in English. I had to cut my first day short and went back to our hotel to "catch some sleep". The next day was filled will "breathtaking" scenery from ancient China we visited temples and monasteries, a nd saw few artefacts and went insides old palaces with huge statues of ancient Important Chinese personality. It made me feel like I did "time travel", like I was in the time those dynasties and the emperors. I never thought I could relive and personally witness the evidence of ancient Chinese civilization, that I saw the things that were written only in the academic books I read in class. Now I understand what culture does to a country, I can now relate better to the lessons learn from the mistakes of the past. We returned home with rich memories of ancient China, I immediately framed all the still photos I took and hanged it in one corner of my room to constantly remind me of the knowledge I acquired during this trip. Language no matter how diverse and difficult and in spite of its diversity, play an important role in our critical thinking because it is the key to understanding, according to Philip Atkinson. "It is the expression of thought, an act of translating thoughts into words thereby refining understanding" (Atkinson. 2004). Language enables man to define the process of his thoughts and make sense of it. "Language is the 'software' that allows our brain to think the way it does, without language the cerebral cortex lies largely unused" (Kirby & Goodpaster. 1999). With advance technology and globalisation, language highlights the identification of a major medium of communication that is comprehensible to many, this will define the aims, goals and intention that the thought process wants to attain, it will clarify the subject matter to discuss and set aside the non-issues. Language can also be limiting in the sense that the capacity to ascribe a particular word to a meaning can sometimes be inadequate owing to the inability to completely convey the message it wants to convey (Chomsky. 2004). Language can also empower our thoughts in the sense that enables us to identify the very core of an idea, an

Compare and Contrast Composers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Compare and Contrast Composers - Essay Example He started to play the guitar and sing at a very early age when he started to sing with the church choir. The choir-master was J. M. Franck who began to teach the little boy and soon he chose Haydn to sing in St. Stephen’s Cathedral. As he entered his teenage years, his voice had started to crack and left the choir by force. After he was left to fend for himself he earned money as a composer, musician and teacher. His talent and teaching attracted many of the students who wanted to learn more about music, and soon he rented an attic where he started a formal musical program. In these years he composed divertimenti and string quartets which were the styles of music at that time (Grave 34). In 1761 Prince Paul Anton Esterhazy appointed Haydn as the Vice-Kappellmeister of his own private musical institution. With this opportunity Haydn did experiment many combinations of instruments and vocals with freedom. After the death of the prince, Haydn was appointed by Johann Peter Saloma n who was a violinist from London and soon he became the most successful composer ever seen. He composed hundreds of compositions and that gave a new and ever lasting effect to the classical music. His quartets initiated a new art that is still alive today. Bob Dylan’s background and involvement in music: Robert Zimmerman was the name given to Bob Dylan by his parents. He was born in Minnesota and spent his childhood years in listening to blues and the country stations on radio. He was thus attracted to rock and roll so he formed many bands while was in high school. He also performed many songs of Elvis Presley in Golden Chords. His interest in rock and roll music also gave a way to the American folk music. For him he said that rock and roll music was not enough as it did not reflect the realistic features of life. With folk music he got the chance to get into a more serious thing as the songs were filled with despair, sadness, and faith and deep feelings (Shelton 142). While he was in university he became involved in the Dinkytown folk music circuit. During those days he started calling himself Bob Dylan as influenced by Dylan Thomas’s poetry. Dylan’s early songs like ‘The Times That Are a-Changin’’ and ‘Blowin’ in the Wind’ became the anthems of the Civil Rights and anti-war movements. His song ‘Like a Rolling Stone’ created new parameters in popular music. He used electric instruments in his recordings. On the other hand Haydn was called the Father of the String Quarter and Father of the Symphony due to his contribution to these forms of music. He also played a part in developing the piano trio and the evolution of sonata form. Characteristics of music Haydn’s music: Both the composers had their own way to compose their music. They created a new era in the music industry through the use of their instruments, materials, talent and thought. Haydn’s music was a different ty pe of genre which was popular at that time. He gave a new look to the classical music by developing huge structures out of simple and short musical motifs. His work marked the development of the sonata form and he was fond of music that established similar dominant and opening themes. He also initiated the double variation form in classical style

Salt Sugar Fat dialectical journal Essay Example for Free

Salt Sugar Fat dialectical journal Essay Responses (interact with the text through analysis, predictions, evaluation, and connections, but don’t just summarize) 1. â€Å"On this count, most of the men in the room could rest easy. They had personal trainers, gym memberships, and enough nutritional awareness to avoid diets that were heavy in the foods they manufactured† (11). This just confirms a horrible truth: the food companies are very much aware of the lack of nutritional value in their products, yet they continue to sell them to the less informed public. While Moss says the business men are able to â€Å"rest easy† when it comes to their weight, I find it difficult to believe that all the people in the room can â€Å"rest easy† morally. Do they realize that they are taking advantage of people who do not know any better than to eat what is placed in front of them at their local grocery stores? How can the middle and lower classes possibly resist the delicacies wrapped so artfully in packaging specifically designed to grab their attention? It’s like taking candy from a baby. Only in this scenario, the food giants are feeding the baby candy. The baby would represent the denizens of America, although I’m sure there are literal babies out there who are being affected by the obesity crisis. I find it upsetting to think that while America is being diagnosed with heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, and cancer (just to name a few illnesses caused by a poor diet) the individuals responsible are out with t heir personal trainers, rewarded for the increase of diseases by receiving an increase in their income. 2. â€Å"Even gout, an exceedingly painful and rare form of arthritis once dubbed ‘the rich man’s disease’ for its associations with gluttony now afflicted eight million Americans† (18). I was intrigued by this disease because of its dubbed name. Food was a resource that was not necessarily easy to come by until this past century. To get a lot of food you needed to have a lot of money. That is why gluttony and wealth went hand in hand, meaning you had to be pretty well off to get gout. Now food is not scarce. The typical American has some kind of grocery store or supermarket within a few miles of their home. That, and the addition of fast food, has made obesity a much easier feat then it was back when people actually hunted for their meat. In my freshman year, I took AP human geography. One of the units we spent a lot of time on was food. I learned that in today’s American society the lower classes are actually becoming more overweight than the  up per class because of the highly processed fatty foods being made available for extremely low prices. When a pound of apples costs about two dollars and barely fills you up whereas McDonald’s boasts a dollar menu with actual meals, it is easy to see why gout isn’t associated with just the affluent anymore. People will sacrifice their health for the least expensive option. 3. â€Å"With limited funds from the government, the center had begun soliciting monies from food companies, keeping them apprised of research that would interest them† (41). What I took from this quote is that the research centers are corrupt. They are basically taking bribes from the food giants to conduct specific studies that will give sugar and other ingredients some positive publicity. This is the food industry trying to keep consumers in the dark about what they are really eating so that they continue to buy. I had assumed food companies went to great lengths to keep the true nature of their ingredients and processes hidden, but I never would have guessed that they could sway a research center. I guess money really does control the world. 4. â€Å"The most recent data, from 2006 to 2008, shows that obesity among kids aged six to eleven jumped from 15 to 20 percent† (46). I have an eight-year-old brother who is overweight. It’s easy to look at the statistics for obesity until it affects someone you know—especially a child. You think it would be easy to prevent that from happening. Just make him run outside with his friends more or don’t let him eat so much right? It isn’t that simple. The playdate dynamic has shifted from making forts and riding scooters up and down the street to sitting indoors playing games on various devices. The rise in technology correlates with the rise in obesity. In a society where it is considered normal for elementary school students to own an iPad, it is easy to see how the rates jumped up from 15 to 20 percent in a two year span. How can childhood obesity be controlled? The way I see it, it can’t. The last thing any parent wants to do is strip their child of their innocence by making them conscious of their weight. You can’t simply take away one kid’s Nintendo either because then he is left out of the group. Adults must choose the path for their offspring. Which is the worst option, a physically unfit child or an alienated one? 5. â€Å"Its most rabid devotees proudly call themselves Peppers, belong to a club called the 10-2-4—so named for one of the early advertising campaigns, which encouraged people to drink three Dr Peppers a day, at ten, two, and four o’clock—and  make pilgrimages to Waco, Texas, where a pharmacist at Morrison’s Old Corner Drug Store invented the drink in 1885† (48). After reading this I couldn’t help but draw parallels between Peppers and Muslims. Both groups were built around the worship of one element. For the 10-2-4 this item is Dr Pepper, while Muslims worship their god Allah. Islam and the 10-2-4 also both have a destination where followers are encouraged or required to make a pilgrimage to. Peppers are invited to visit Waco, Texas where their beloved soft drink was first created, and Muslims must complete the Hajj as one of their five pillars of faith. Another similarity between the assemblages is their daily rituals. In the Islamic re ligion people must pray five times a day (Salat). The Peppers try to enjoy their favorite soda three times a day at specific times of the day. I find it interesting that a fan club made for a carbonated beverage could have anything in common with a religion that has been practiced for over millennia. The power of sugar does not cease to amaze me. 6. â€Å"†¦a mega-brand that epitomized the American culture, but one that was also in grave danger of falling behind: Jell-O pudding† (68). Moss makes a bold statement when he says that Jell-O â€Å"epitomized the American culture†. How exactly does Jell-O, one food brand among millions, embody the land of the free? Jell-O has never been anything special to me. It is interesting in structure but overall very artificial. Perhaps that is exactly what Moss is trying to convey about the ways of this country. Americans celebrate the superficial. We worship movie stars, models, and other glamorous aspects of life. While it looks appealing, in reality there is no real substance to it. It is a synthetic snack that still leaves you feeling empty inside. 7. â€Å"And when he went to see his boss, the section head of desserts, Clausi was told that the rules have been changed, public fears be dammed† (70). What prompted this sudden shift of opinion on chemical additives? One minute artificial ingredients are bad, and now it is suddenly okay for food to be made of unpronounceable components. Despite the public’s wariness of synthetic concoctions, the food industry decides to barrel ahead anyway. The risk paid off though, that is the depressing part. Instead of fighting against this artificial snack, America embraced it. And if the consumers are consuming, it is no wonder the food companies didn’t stop there. This quote signifies the beginning of the end of natural foods.

Electromagnetic radiation Essay Example for Free

Electromagnetic radiation Essay Electromagnetic waves are disturbances caused by the oscillation of charged particles. It consists of two parts, an electric field and a magnetic field oscillating perpendicular to each other. The wave is self-sustaining, and propagates at a direction perpendicular to both the electric field and magnetic field. There is a whole spectrum of electromagnetic waves. The ones with the longest wavelengths (range: 1 cm-1km) are the radio waves. After the radio waves, microwaves have the next longest wavelength (range: 1mm-10cm). Then, we have the infrared waves (range: 1 µm-1mm), followed by light (range: 400nm-700nm), ultraviolet rays (range: 1nm-100nm), x-rays (range: 0. 1nm-10nm), and gamma rays, which have the shortest wavelengths amongst the different electromagnetic radiations (range: 0. 01nm-0. 1nm). b. How you determine the temperature, composition, and motion of an object from its light spectrum? Different elements emit and absorb light waves differently. Hence, when viewed through a spectroscope, different elements will have different spectral patterns. The object’s composition is obtained from noting which spectral lines are present or absent. We can also determine the density of the object depending on the amount of lines present in the spectrum. The more lines and the more continuous the spectrum, the denser is the material. On the other hand, the temperature of the object will affect the shapes spectral lines emitted by the object. If objects have high temperatures, their spectral lines will be broader, that is, it is spread over more frequencies than if it had lower temperature. To determine temperature, Finally, the Doppler Shift tells us the motion of the object, whether it is moving away or toward us, and with what speed. When the observed object is moving toward us, the spectral lines we observe occur at shorter wavelengths when we compare it to those measured in the laboratory. This is called â€Å"blueshifted. † On the other hand, if the object is moving away from us we observe the lines to occur at longer wavelengths. In this case we say that the lines are â€Å"redshifted. † The amount of shifting will determine the speed of motion. c. In what way do astronomers infer that the Sun’s energy comes from nuclear fusion reactions? How do we know it does not come from chemical burning? Even though both nuclear fusions and chemical reactions result in the release of energy, nuclear fusions release much more energy than chemical reactions. This is due to the nature of each reaction. Given that the energy that the sun produces is extremely high, it is impossible that chemical reactions are fuelling it, for if that were the case, then the sun will not be producing enough energy to sustain life on Earth. If it were chemical reactions powering it, it would be producing roughly one-millionth of the energy it is producing now. d. Explain how the Sun produces energy by nuclear fusion. Because of the amount of matter present in the sun, it is in danger of imploding. What keeps this from happening, however, is the nuclear fusion that occurs in its core, which is so hot because of the pressure from its mass that is being pulled inwards by gravity. In the core, hydrogen nuclei are forced to come together. This fusion creates helium-4 and energy. Since the resulting He-4 atoms are less massive than the initial hydrogen atoms that fused together, the missing mass is what was transformed into energy. This is best explained by the most famous equation in Physics, E=mc2, which states the equivalence of mass and energy. e. When we look at stars in the sky, we see a wide range of brightness. Explain the factors that would make one star appear brighter than another. There are two factors that affect the brightness of stars in the sky. The first one is the inherent characteristic of the star, which dictates how absolutely bright or luminous it will be. The second factor that affects the way we see stars is their distance from the earth. The farther they are, the dimmer they would appear. This is because the light they emit would need to pass through interstellar matter that could disperse, absorb or reflect the light in different directions. f. Compare the Sun with other stars. The Sun is called such by virtue of its position, that is, it is in the center of the solar system. Technically, however, the sun is also a star. It differs from other stars in its size, temperature, age, and color. The Sun is a dwarf star, about 4. 5 billion years old, and is classified as â€Å"yellow,† which means that it has an average temperature of about 6000 K. Hotter stars are classified as blue-white, while cooler stars are red. g. Consider a star at the upper part of the main sequence (label it Star A) and a star in the lower part of the main sequence (label it Star B). Which is: 1) Larger? Star A 2) More luminous? Star A 3) More massive? Star A 4) Hotter? Star A h. Compare the life spans of low mass stars and high mass stars. Explain why they are different. The life span of low mass stars is longer than the life spans of high mass stars. The reason for this is that the higher the mass of the star, the more hydrogen is needed to undergo fusion to keep the star from collapsing under its own gravitational force. i. What would an imaginary terrestrial observer see as the Sun runs out of hydrogen? If life is confined to Earth when this happens, would life perish from heat or from cold? Explain. As the Sun runs out of hydrogen fuel, it will start consuming helium. This leads to the sun increasing in radius, eventually turning it into a red giant. When this happens, the sun will grow so large that it can engulf the earth. Life on Earth would perish from extreme heat. When the helium runs out, however, the sun will shrink to a white dwarf. The reason for this is that the sun is too small to continue burning elements larger than helium. j. What kind of stars eventually become white dwarfs? What kind eventually become supernovae? What will be the ultimate fate of the Sun? Why? A white dwarf is an extremely dense star, with the mass of the sun and the size of the earth. It is composed of the remnants of stellar matter, which is mostly carbon and oxygen. In order to turn into a white dwarf, stars need to have a size of about 0. 07-10 times that of the sun. On the other hand, a supernova is formed when a massive star consumes all of its nuclear fuel and thus collapses under its gravitational field. Because of the high gravitational force that causes its collapse, the dead star suddenly explodes. A star that is about 8-10 times more massive than the sun will end its life as a supernova. The ultimate fate of the sun is to become a white dwarf. The reason for this is that the sun is not very massive to turn into a supernova, thus lacking the critical mass that would cause it to collapse under its own weight.

Analysing Public Art and Geography

Analysing Public Art and Geography How can public art challenge the gendered nature of space? The world is getting more and more visual, and increasingly meanings are communicated through visuals (Rose, 2001). It is the aim of this research proposal to outline the final year project that is going to focus on interdisciplinary themes of space, art and gender. It will demonstrate how human geography engages with visual art, and how the research linking the two has expanded over the past few decades. It will show the issues that one may be presented with when researching art. An explanation will be given of how gender and body are viewed in geography. Geography and visual art Geography is recognised as a very visual discipline (Driver, 2003; Tolia-Kelly, 2012), that extensively engages with our vision (Roberts, 2012), and geographers have long been using various types of visual imagery and objects in their work (Garrett, 2011; Rose, 2003). Over the past decades, namely since the cultural turn, there has been greater interest in potential links between visual arts and geography (Rose, 2001). During this time the field of research has expanded from looking at landscape paintings from earlier centuries, to analysing broader spectrum of artistic mediums, both digital and analogue (Hawkins, 2012). It is understood that everyday images and objects that we see are not meaningless and static things, but are imbued with meanings that affect our behaviour and interaction with the world (Hall, 1997). Art in public space The term ‘art’ itself is an extremely broad concept, and there are many sub-disciplines in art that can be used to narrow down the research. This particular research is going to be focused on art in urban space. Nowadays many urban spaces are rich with artworks which are done in various mediums, and by utilising various methods. Arguably the traditional form of art in public space is public art. Public art commonly is defined as â€Å"either permanent or temporary artworks, including social and contextual art practices which are commissioned for openly accessible locations, that is, outside conventional settings such as museums and galleries (Zebracki, 2013:303).† An artwork may have an intended meaning, a set of ideas or ideals that its author wants the world to receive, and a meaning that is created by the audience upon its consumption (Baldwin et al., 1999). What makes it hard to predict how public art will be consumed, are the diverse publics or audiences that encounter it. A piece of art may be aimed at general public, but when different social groups read it , the diversity of meanings that it actually produces have to be taken into account. Therefore, in this sense the study of public art becomes a study of â€Å"the reception of art by [its] publics (Miles, 1997:85).† Geography, body and gender Geographers see body as a space. Many quote Rich when he talks about the body as â€Å"the geography closest in (1986:212).† It is the border between the inner world and the outer world. It is a space that is sexed and gendered, where sex is a biological product and gender a social one (Valentine, 2001). However, more recent academic work blurs the lines between the two, arguing that there is evidence of cases where bodies do not abide by the traditional views of sex and gender (Cream, 1995), and that both should be considered as social (Valentine, 2001). In social research gender is understood as â€Å"social, psychological or cultural differences between men and women (Knox and Pinch, 2010:235).† Historically geographers have viewed differences in gender roles as socially constructed (Castree et al., 2013). Therefore, characteristics that constitute what it means to be masculine or feminine are subject to change in space, place and time. More recently academics such as Judith Butler (1990) have challenged this view, and suggest that gender is a performance, rather than what one is. She argues that gender is performed through ritualistic repetition. From this viewpoint, which some call as post‑structuralist (Jagger, 2008), gender is â€Å"sustained through acts, gestures, mannerisms, fashion, and lifestyle (Castree et al., 2013:172).† Identities, roles and spatial relations between males and females in geography have often been analysed utilising feminist viewpoint. Predominant argument of feminist philosophy is that women in many areas of life are still unfairly treated as being in a subordinate position to men, and that the Western society remains largely patriarchal (Knox and Pinch, 2010). New Genre Public Art, Body and Gender Massey (1994) describes how large public spaces are reserved for males, and how often artworks depicting bodies of women are produced by men contributing to the male gaze, which extends outside the walls of galleries and museums (Miles, 1997). This prevalent masculine worldview is challenged by activism that is empowered by forms of new genre public art (Lacy, 1995). If we are to consider the relationship between public art and gender, the historical divorce that has existed between body and city, where most public artworks are found, should be kept in mind. Undesirable body processes are expelled from the city, and the civilised body is expected to contain them (Miles, 1997). This idea comes from the Cartesian view that body should be subject to mind (Longhurst, 1997). In Western culture body has become associated with negative traits, emotions and femininity, and mind with rationality, knowledge and masculinity (Valentine, 2001). Furthermore, it is somehow seen that men transcend the body, for whom it is merely a container of their mind, and that women are more affected by their â€Å"fleshy† (Longhurst, 1997:491) instincts and therefore their bodies. Moreover, this view has had an influence on social sciences. Rose (1993) argues that white males tend to other difference, and that this has shaped how geography has been studied over the years. It was only in the latter part of the 20th century that academics started to critically look at how mind has been given privilege over the body in geography (Longhurst, 1997), and it was recognised that in fact everyone is affected by their embodiment (Rose, 1997). Body is the tool through which masculinity or femininity is acted out (Puwar, 2004). As performativity suggests, these materialise through the act of doing. It is therefore the aim of this research to analyse how public art captures these performances, and how it communicates and constructs gender in the eyes of its publics. Case study Butler’s work is often linked with gender and performativity, but it is rarely used when public art is studied. This research will try to expand the body of work on new genre public art considering gender politics. It will take into the account the latest research on gender and performativity, and will analyse how perceived gender roles are read through performances and acts that are captured in public artworks. Greater Manchester has been chosen as the site for the research, with public artworks that range from sculptures depicting historic figures from Britain’s imperial past, such as, Queen Victoria, to contemporary street art that seeks to challenge the status quo, such as found in Northern Quarter. Conclusion This research proposal outlined the final year project that will analyse public art and gender by looking at performances that are captured in artworks. It demonstrated how body and gender are understood in geography. It showed how body is an agent through which gender is acted out, and how body as an artistic subject captures these performances. Art has been an important part of geographical work and research in the past, and as the visual imagery and objects become more important in the modern society, more and more meanings are conveyed through visuals. This research will explore what meanings public art conveys about gender roles, and how these meanings are read by artworks’ publics. The main aim of this research is: to analyse the way public art can challenge the gendered nature of space. The objectives to achieve this are: to explore the way that Tankpetrol aims to disrupt traditional genderings of public space; to analyse the meanings encoded in the artwork of Tankpetrol; to analyse the consumption of Tankpetrol’s artwork and how it impacts on people’s ideas of gendering public space. References Baldwin, E., Longhurst, B., McCracken, S., Ogborn, M. and Smith, G. (1999) Introducing Cultural Studies. Athens: University of Georgia Press. Butler, J. (1990) Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. London: Routledge. Castree, N., Kitchin, R. and Rogers, A. (Eds.). (2013). A Dictionary of Human Geography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cream, J. (1995) ‘Re-solving riddles: the sexed body.’ In Bell, D. and Valentine, G. (eds.) Mapping Desire: Geographies of Sexualities. London: Routledge, Driver, F. (2003) ‘On Geography as a Visual Discipline.’ Antipode, 35(2) pp. 227–231. Garrett, B. L. (2011) ‘Videographic geographies: Using digital video for geographic research.’ Progress in Human Geography, 35(4) pp. 521–541. Hall, S. (1997) ‘Introduction.’ In Hall, S. (ed.) Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: SAGE, pp. 1–12. Hawkins, H. (2012) ‘Geography and art. An expanding field: Site, the body and practice.’ Progress in Human Geography, 37(1) pp. 52–71. Jagger, G. (2008) Judith Butler: Sexual Politics, Social Change and the Power of the Performative. London: Routledge. Knox, P. and Pinch, S. (2010) Urban Social Geography: An Introduction. 6th ed., London: Pearson. Longhurst, R. (1997) ‘(Dis)embodied geographies.’ Progress in Human Geography, 21(4) pp. 486–501. Miles, M. (1997) Art, Space and the City: Public Art and Urban Futures. London: Routledge. Puwar, N. (2004) Space Invaders: Race, Gender and Bodies Out of Place. Oxford: Berg. Rich, A. (1986) The Politics of Location, in Blood, Bread and Poetry: Selected Prose 1979–1985. London: Norton Co. Roberts, E. (2012) ‘Geography and the visual image: A hauntological approach.’ Progress in Human Geography, 37(3) pp. 386–402. Rose, G. (1993) Feminism and Geography: The Limits of Geographical Knowledge. Cambridge: Polity Press. Rose, G. (1997) ‘Situating Knowledges: positionality, reflexivities and other tactics.’ Progress in Human Geography, 21(3) pp. 305–320. Rose, G. (2001) Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to Researching With Visual Materials. London: SAGE. Rose, G. (2003) ‘On the Need to Ask How, Exactly, Is Geography â€Å"Visual†?’ Antipode, 35(2) pp. 212–221. Tolia-Kelly, D. P. (2012) ‘The Geographies of Cultural Geography II: Visual Culture.’ Progress in Human Geography, 36(1) pp. 135–142. Valentine, G. (2001) Social Geographies: Space and Society. London: Pearson. Zebracki, M. (2013) ‘Beyond public artopia: public art as perceived by its publics.’ GeoJournal, 78(2) pp. 303–317. LINARDS DAVIDANS

Drugs Should NOT be Legal :: Against Legalization of Drugs

Drugs Should NOT be Legal Everyone agrees that something must be done about the tremendous physical and emotional health problems that drug abuse causes. Concern about the abuse of drugs is so widespread that recent polls indicate it to be one of the most serious problems in today's world, threatening the security and freedom of whole nations. Politicians, health experts and much of the general public feel that no issue is more important than drug abuse. America's other pressing social problems- disease, poverty, child abuse and neglect, and corruption- often have a common element; that is drug abuse. The use of illegal drugs such as cocaine, crack, heroin and marijuana cause extensive harm to the body and brain. Yet, even after knowing this many people want illegal drugs to be legalized in every aspect. The last thing we need is a policy that makes widely available substances that impair memory, concentration and attention span; why in God's name foster the uses of drugs that make you stupid? The campaign for drug legalization is morally disgusting.The number of people who are addicted to illegal drugs or are users of these drugs is quite shocking. Drug abuse is clearly an injurious and sometimes fatal problem. The leaders of the international economic summit in Paris in July 1989 concluded that the devastating proportions of the drug problem calls for decisive action. On September 5, 1989, President Bush called upon the United States to join in an all-out fight against drugs. The United States Congress reports an estimated 25 to 30 million addicts of illegal drugs worldwide. Not all users are addicts, but some of the 26 million regular users of illegal drugs in the United States are addicted. Reports of child abuse to New York social services tripled between 1986 and 1988 and most of the cases involved drug abuse. Approximately 35 percent of the inmates of state prison were under the influence of illegal drugs at the time they committed the crimes for which they are incarcerated. In some parts of the country, that percentage is as high as 75 to 80! Another fact that hits people hard is that out-right deaths from illegal drugs have quadrupled in the last ten years! The proportion of 19 to 22 year olds who were at risk from using illegal drugs rose from 44 percent in 1980 to 69 percent in 1987. Among 17-18 year olds the shift over the same interval was from 50 percent to 74 percent (Williams 226)! The abuse of illegal drugs is very threatening to America's future. These drugs are the cause of many problems and crimes.

Crazy Horse :: Battle of the Little Big Horn

When I think back of the stories that I have heard about how the Native American Indians were driven from their land and forced to live on the reservations one particular event comes to my mind. That event is the Battle of the Little Big Horn. It is one of the few times that the Oglala Sioux made history with them being the ones who left the battlefield as winners. When stories are told, or when the media dares to tamper with history, it is usually the American Indians who are looked upon as the bad guys. They are portrayed as savages who spent their time raiding wagon trains and scalping the white settlers just for fun. The media has lead us to believe that the American government was forced to take the land from these savage Indians. We should put the blame where it belongs, on the U.S. Government who lied, cheated, and stole from the Oglala forcing Crazy Horse, the great war chief, and many other leaders to surrender their nation in order to save the lives of their people. In the nineteenth century the most dominant nation in the western plains was the Sioux Nation. This nation was divided into seven tribes: Oglala's, Brule', Minneconjou, Hunkpapa, No Bow, Two Kettle, and the Blackfoot. Of these tribes they had different band. The Hunkpatila was one band of the Oglala's (Guttmacher 12). One of the greatest war chiefs of all times came from this band. His name was Crazy Horse. Crazy Horse was not given this name, on his birth date in the fall of 1841. He was born of his father, Crazy Horse an Oglala holy man, and his mother a sister of a Brule' warrior, Spotted Tail. As the boy grew older his hair was wavy so his people gave him the nickname of Curly (Guttmacher 23). He was to go by Curly until the summer of 1858, after a battle with the Arapaho's. Curly's brave charged against the Arapaho's led his father to give Curly the name Crazy Horse. This was the name of his father and of many fathers before him (Guttmacher 47). In the 1850's, the country where the Sioux Nation lived, was being invaded by the white settlers. This was upsetting for many of the tribes. They did not understand the ways of the whites. When the whites tore into the land with plows and hunted the sacred buffalo just for the hides this

Power of Attorney :: essays research papers

POWER OF ATTORNEY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Notice: The powers granted by this document are broad and sweeping. They are not defined in te Colorado Statutes, Sections 15-1-101 to 15-1-1202, inclusive, of the General Statutes, which expressly permits the use of any other or different form of power of attorney desired by the parties concerned.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Know All Men By These Presents, which are intended to constitute an IRREVOCABLE GENERAL POWER OF ATTORNEY pursuant to Colorado Statutes:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  That I_________________ do hereby appoint Piotr Bieniek my attorney- in-fact TO ACT:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First: In my name, place, and stead in any way which I myself could do, if I were personally present, which respect to the following matters as each of them is defined in the Colorado Statutes to the extent that I am permitted by law to act through an agent:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Only Selection I or Selection II should be completed NOT BOTH If both Selections are completed, this Power of Attorney IS NOT VALID Selection I   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  REQUIRED ARE BOTH THE SIGNATURE AND THE INITIALS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  OF THE PRINCIPAL WITHIN THIS SELECTION I. BOTH   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  REQUIREMENTS CONSTITUTE A FULL GENERAL POWER OF   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ATTORNEY WITHOUT ANY LIMITATION OR RESTRICTION.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  X ( )   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   SCRIBE ET SCRIBE DEBERE EQUIPARANTUR IN JURE Selection II   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strike out and initial in the opposite box any one or more of the subdivisions as to which the principal does NOT desire to give the agent authority. Such elimination of any one or more of subdivision (A) to (K), inclusive, shall automatically constitute an elimination also of subdivision (L).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To strike out any subdivision the principal must draw a line through the text of that subdivision AND write his initials in the opposite box. (A)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  real estate transactions; ( ) (B)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  chattel and goods transactions; ( ) (C)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  bond, share, and commodity transactions; ( ) (D)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  banking transactions; ( ) (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  business operating transactions; ( ) (F)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  insurance transactions; ( ) (G)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  estate transactions; ( ) (H)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  claims and litigation; ( ) (I)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  personal relationships and affairs; ( ) (J)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  benefits from military service; ( ) (K)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  records, reports, and statements; ( ) (L)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  all other matters; ( ) (hand written by the principal, in the principal’s own handwriting) ( )   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Second: With full and unqualified authority to delegate any or all of the foregoing powers to any person or persons whom my attorney-in-fact shall select.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Third: Hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorney(s) or substitute(s) do cause to be done.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fourth: To induce any third party to act hereunder, I hereby agree that any third party receiving a duly executed copy or facsimile of this instrument may act hereunder, and that

Person centred approaches in adult social care Essay

Person- centred approaches are an essential part involving good working practice when working with clients/ service users. Ensuring that everything to do with individual care is built around them. Also allowing them to be independent as possible and makings their own decision on how they would like to be supported. 1.2 Explain why person-centred values must influence all aspect of social care work. Person-centred values must influence all aspect of social care work because the law requires us to do so. The Human Right Act 1998, Health and Social care Act 2012 and Codes of practice for social care workers etc. By following the process of person-centred values will allow the individuals being care for feel as if. They are treated with respect has an individual see more:describe how active participation benefits an individual They are supported in accessing their rights They are supported to exercise choices Ensure they have privacy if they want it They are support to be as independent as possible They are treated with dignity and respect 1.3 Explain how person centred values should influence all aspects of social care work Person centred values should influence all aspects of social care work, by respecting individuals at the centre of their own care. We as care workers must focus on what the person’s needs and they want their support to be provided. Outcome 2 Understanding how to implement a person-centred approach in an adult social care setting 2.1 Explain how finding out the history, preferences, wishes and needs of an individual contributes to their care plan. Finding out these information can contribute to their care plan by giving carers valuable information on how to care for the individual in better-suited way, that’s more likely to make them feel comfortable and respected as a person. For example knowing how their preference will give working the knowledge on what likes and dislikes, so will response better to their care. 2.2 Describe ways to put person centred values into practice in a complex or sensitive situation. You can put person centred values into practice in a complex or sensitive situation. For example in a situation  where a service user decides he/she wants to take part b in a certain sport but their parent is against the idea. Your main focus are to: Put the priority of the service user first Make sure the service user has the support they need in order to make choices Make arrangements for extra support if necessary Treat service user with respect and dignity Services revolve around the person, not the other way round Even in complex or difficult situations, always keep the service user at the centre. 2.3 Evaluate the use of care plans in applying person-centred values. The most important part of a care plan is the outcomes that the individual want to achieve, the care plan helps the individual work towards those outcomes. The individual should be at centre. 2.4 Explain the importance of monitoring an individual’s changing needs or preferences. It is important to monitor an individual’s changing needs and preferences because this indentifies the most important goals and services and what is needed to achieve them. This helps to makes sure we are keeping up with the service users needed and changes, for example: Personal care Medication Activities Mobility Outcome 3 Understand the importance of establishing consent when providing care or support 3.1 Describe factors that influence the capacity of an individual to express consent. It is important for a support worker to be mindful and be considerate of the situation, because the capability to make decisions among individuals are different. It may looks quite simple to think that people with mental impairment, physical illness or people how have got language barriers, may have affect their capabilities to express agreement. A professional carer will understand how to work sensitively with service user, individually and put in place goals to achieve towards successful outcomes. The mental capacity act clearly states that every adult has the right to make their own decisions. It must be assumed that they have the capacity to do so, unless it has been proven otherwise. It also states people should be support in making their own decisions. 3.2 Explain how to  establish consent for an activity or action. As an overall principle consent should be gained for all activity, even if it is something small as plumping some ones pillows, you should always gain consent. It is vital that people not only give their consent but also fully understand what they are giving consent to and the implications of this. Consent can be implied, verbal, informed or written. Gaining consent protects both the carer and the person against legal challenge. It is now common to challenge the opinions of doctors, nurses and other health workers. People have become more comfortable with the idea of being asked for their views and consent. If no consent is given you cannot proceed with the care. It is illegal to put pressure on the person and go against their wished. 3.3 Explain what steps to take if consent cannot be readily established. It is worthwhile to repeat information again to be certain that any questions or concerns have been answered. If a service user refuses or any issues been expressed, you should record and report to your manager straight away. Outcome 4 Understand how to implement and promote active participation 4.1 Explain the principles of active participation. Active participation is about assist individuals to have a complete and active part in every aspects of their life. This will involves making decisions about personal issues on clothing, food and living arrangements, also on the delivery of their care. 4.2 Explain how the holistic needs of an individual can be addressed by active participation. Holistic needs of an individual can be addressed by active participation. This can be achieved by looking at the individual as hole when supporting their needs and preferences. When you look at the individual as a hole, it will give you a platform in helping the individual in achieving their goals. 4.3 Explain how to work with an individual and others to agree how active participation will be implemented. The way to work with an individual and others to agree how active participation will be implemented are by: Having discussions with individual. Encouraging the individual using useful information. Using friends and family to encourage them. Highlighting the benefits of the activity. Recognising their achievements and celebrating it no matter how small it is. 4.4 Explain how to promote the understanding and use of active participation. The way to promote the understanding and used of active participation are, to support your colleagues are on the same path when supporting the individual, the individual may having been used their care and support delivered where they had no control and little choice, so as a carer we will have to be sensitive and patients when introducing active participation. Also family members may be against the active participation approach, as they may feel the individual is vulnerable and may not make the right choices. Its most like the family members are just trying not to protect the individual from risks, therefore don’t just jump assumptions that are being difficult but instead work the family and the individual to help get used to the new approach and the benefits it will eventually bring. Outcome 5 Understand how to support an individual’s right to make choices 5.1 Describe different approaches to support an individual to make informed choices. The different approaches to support an individual to make informed choices include: Discussion- to support an individual to question or questions decisions effecting them that are made by others. Providing relevant information guidance from friends or family using an advocate or support service. 5.2 Describe how to support an individual to question or challenge decisions concerning them that are made by others. This depends on the mental capacity of the individual you are supporting. It is important that you must gain their permission and then you should encourage them to specify exactly as much help they need from you. Then you can offer further information, suggestions, and a plan to challenge such decisions. You could suggest to be their spokesperson if they weren’t confident enough talk, or to accompany them to any hearing or appointment. However, if the person is mentally impaired, you would have to get their signed permission to speak and act on their behalf before any health or social care workers would listen to you. As an issues of confidentiality, you either have to be next of kin, or obtain powers of attorney or guardianship. 5.3 Explain the consequences of allowing the personal views of others to influence an individual’s choices. The consequences that could occur when the personal views of others are involved in influencing an individual’s choices. The possible consequences are: The individual might not get their preferred care, depressed and sidelined, it might affect their confidence and self-esteem, they might withdraw from making future choices etc. Outcome 6 Understand how to promote individual’s well-being 6.1 Explain the link between identity, self-image and self-esteem. Self-image is about how people see themselves and self-esteem is how people value themselves. If a person see or value themselves, lower or highly this will make up their identity. 6.2 Explain factors that contribute to the well-being of an individual. Well-being is defined as the state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy. Therefore the factors that contributes to the well-being of an individual are, being treated as an individual getting the dignity and respect like any other human being, being able to make choices, good communication, Active Participation and being able to lead a healthy life. 6.3 Explain the importance of supporting an individual in a way that promotes their sense of identity, self-image and self-esteem. The importance of supporting an individual in a way that promotes their sense of identity, self-image and self-esteem, are that if help the individual feel like a value part of society and their views and choices matters. The ways to go about this are, find out about them by reading care plans and asking them or family about them, do not judge them, listen them and their issues. Encourage them to try new things out of their comfort zone, always focus on the positives, praising their efforts and achievements. Also being patient and consistent with them by doing so their self-image and self-esteem should grow. 6.4 Describe ways to contributes to an environment that promotes well-being. Outcome 7 Understand the role of risk assessment in enabling a person centred approach 7.1 Compare different uses of risk assessment in adult social care settings. The different uses of risk assessment in adult social care settings to an individual or other from physical or emotional have. A risk assessment is careful measures that are taken to minimise the changes of risks. The risk could happen in different ranges working tasks or activities that are undertaken. The tasks or activities could result in risks if injuries, harm, infections, emotional and physical abuse and  stress. It is legal requirement for a risk assessment to be carried out. Also a risk assessment should not be done as a reason to stop people from making choices. 7.2 Explain how risk assessment relates to rights and responsibilities. Risk assessment relates to rights and responsibilities in the following ways: It is legally required by law that we as carers acknowledges any possibly risk associated with the individual being care for and that the risks are assessed and to precautions are taken. Risk assessments are done to assess the number of risks related to things such as individual’s, hobbies/interests, personal hygiene, mobility, behaviour. This minimise the individual chances of harm or injuries. The risk assessments underline the risks and give the solutions as to how to handle and prevent the risks from occurring. 7.3 Explain how risk taking relates to rights and responsibilities. Risk taking relates to rights and responsibilities are that individuals have the right to take risk, just as we take risks every day. For example going on a plane knowing there is a possibility could crash. So if an individual wants to go out into the communities alone even though we might not think cable, they have rights to do so. This is where a risk assessment can make something that might have seem unlikely become possible. Which would result in an individual having a sense of control in their life. 7.4 Explain why risk assessments need to be regularly revised. The reasons risk assessments needs to be regularly revises, are that an individual condition has improved or declined. So a risk assessment would have to be reviewed to allow them to do something that they are now cable of or to ensure their safety. Also it could the risk has been change insults of new developments. 7.5 Explain the importance of using agreed risk assessment processes to support choice. It is our duty to promote the rights and support the choices of an individual. Risk assessments provide support for individual’s to handle choices in the safest way possible. Where the individual is able to make an informed choice and still wishes to carry out a high risk decision or choice, having a signed risk assessment is one way of showing that they are aware of the risks and are still willing to take them.

Computer Hacking

Criminology Hacking unfastened Jacqueline Hunt June 10, 2012 Week 9 appellation 6 Computer hacking has become a much(prenominal) than frequent abuse in todays society. Due to the particular that reckoners are widely use throughout the world and each(prenominal) information is reclaim at your fingertips in a military issue of seconds, hacking is an effortless nuisance, but it comes with a awe-inspiring gain. Albert Gonzalez was fascinated by technology computing device nerd but he took it all in all as an easy way for fiscal gain. Gonzalez stole 170 one cardinal zillion million commendation and debit card number and both apply them or sold them to different cyber criminals.Gonzalez case is the biggest hack case in history it all ended in him serving a two xx dollar bill year concurrent sentences. His parents, who had immigrated to the linked States from Cuba in the 1970s, bought him his first ready reckoner when he was 8. By the age of 9 he was inform to be actively removing calculating machine viruses. Gonzalez, a Cuban-American, attended South Miami High enlighten in Miami, Florida, where he was described as the troubled pack leader of estimator nerds . In his senior year at the school he and friend used the library ready reckoner to hack into computer systems of the government of India where they left messages slightly their culture.Reportedly India had to incite government checks as a result. Gonzalez was non aerated and was warned to stay off(predicate) from a computer for six months. In 2000 he moved to mod York City where he lived for three months before moving to Kearny, tender Jersey. (Wikipedia, 2012) Gonzalez ran a avoidance with a assemblage of jades called Shadow crew. They managed to traffic 1. 5 million stolen reference work and debit card total while in New Jersey. The surface area name Shadowcrew. cc was being investigated by The Secret Service Operation Firewall and it is believed that $4. mill ion was stolen. The investigating involved countries like Bulgaria, Belarus, Canada, Poland, Sweden, the Netherlands, Ukraine, and the U. S. Gonzalez avoided fall behind time by providing evidence to the unify States Secret Service against his associates. After 19 of Shadow crew hackers were indicted he past returned back home to Miami. As a Secret Service informant he earned 75, 000 a year and he continued his hacking business practiced downstairs their noses. He used SQL injections and malware backdoors as tools to his biggest heist.He called the strategy Operation Get Rich or Die Tryin, which is a famous film roughly the life of rapper 50 cent, he breached systems like Citibank, 7-Eleven, Hannaford Br others, J. C. Penny, Target, T J Maxx, Dave & Busters and stole credit card info and resold it to international cyber criminals. His goal was to earn up to 15 million dollars, buy a yacht, and past retire. Those designs were foiled by the probe which leads to end of hi s schemes. The debit from the crimes totaled a staggering 4. 1 million dollars. This quality of hacker is k directlyn as the Addict. In the trial he was sentenced to two twenty year concurrent sentences, lucid to make a 25,000 dollar fine, and he was consistent restitution. He claims his motive for the crimes he committed, was that he possessed technical curiosity and he had an obsession with conquering computer networks. He also stated that his work for the unfathomed service was to seek out cyber criminals, which he used to his advantage to make his visualize work. (Zetter, 2010) I feel that Gonzalez is an addict hacker because he committed the crime more than once.Gonzalez was even in a berth where he worked for the people who put criminals away and he still could non learn his criminal acts. The sentence he is straightaway serving is just. This crime could have been deterred by the idea that a criminal should not get a second chance. If he was serving time for his firs t crime the operation Get Rich or Die Tryin would have never came about because he would not have had the main course to international cyber criminals. The government should have more strict policies on who is used for informants and the hiring process.Gonzalez proven to be a very dainty and intelligent hacker. References Guadin, Sharon Computerworld. com. Government Informant is called kingpin. 18 August 2009 Wikipedia. com. Albert Gonzalez. 4 June 2012 Zetter, Sharon Wired. com. Tjx hacker charged with Heartland. 25 March 2010 http//www. wired. com/threatlevel/2009/08/tjx-hacker-charged-with-heartland/Computer HackingCriminology Hacking subject Jacqueline Hunt June 10, 2012 Week 9 engagement 6 Computer hacking has become a more frequent crime in todays society. Due to the accompaniment that computers are widely used throughout the world and all information is right at your fingertips in a study of seconds, hacking is an effortless crime, but it comes with a ugly gain. Al bert Gonzalez was fascinated by technology computer nerd but he took it all as an easy way for pecuniary gain. Gonzalez stole 170 million credit and debit card numbers and both used them or sold them to other cyber criminals.Gonzalez case is the biggest hacker case in history it all ended in him serving a two twenty year concurrent sentences. His parents, who had immigrated to the United States from Cuba in the 1970s, bought him his first computer when he was 8. By the age of 9 he was describe to be actively removing computer viruses. Gonzalez, a Cuban-American, attended South Miami High domesticate in Miami, Florida, where he was described as the troubled pack leader of computer nerds . In his senior year at the school he and friend used the library computer to hack into computer systems of the government of India where they left messages about their culture.Reportedly India had to annul government checks as a result. Gonzalez was not charged and was warned to stay away from a computer for six months. In 2000 he moved to New York City where he lived for three months before moving to Kearny, New Jersey. (Wikipedia, 2012) Gonzalez ran a scheme with a gathering of hackers called Shadow crew. They managed to traffic 1. 5 million stolen credit and debit card numbers while in New Jersey. The field of view name Shadowcrew. cc was being investigated by The Secret Service Operation Firewall and it is believed that $4. million was stolen. The investigation involved countries like Bulgaria, Belarus, Canada, Poland, Sweden, the Netherlands, Ukraine, and the U. S. Gonzalez avoided slammer time by providing evidence to the United States Secret Service against his associates. After 19 of Shadow crew hackers were indicted he then returned back home to Miami. As a Secret Service informant he earned 75, 000 a year and he continued his hacking business right under their noses. He used SQL injections and malware backdoors as tools to his biggest heist.He called the schem e Operation Get Rich or Die Tryin, which is a famous movie about the life of rapper 50 cent, he breached systems like Citibank, 7-Eleven, Hannaford Brothers, J. C. Penny, Target, T J Maxx, Dave & Busters and stole credit card information and resold it to international cyber criminals. His goal was to earn up to 15 million dollars, buy a yacht, and then retire. Those plans were foiled by the investigation which leads to end of his schemes. The debit from the crimes totaled a staggering 4. 1 million dollars. This attribute of hacker is known as the Addict. In the trial he was sentenced to two twenty year concurrent sentences, ordered to knuckle under a 25,000 dollar fine, and he was ordered restitution. He claims his motive for the crimes he committed, was that he possessed technical curiosity and he had an obsession with conquering computer networks. He also stated that his work for the transcendental service was to seek out cyber criminals, which he used to his advantage to make his plan work. (Zetter, 2010) I feel that Gonzalez is an addict hacker because he committed the crime more than once.Gonzalez was even in a stead where he worked for the people who put criminals away and he still could not stopover his criminal acts. The sentence he is now serving is just. This crime could have been deterred by the idea that a criminal should not get a second chance. If he was serving time for his first crime the operation Get Rich or Die Tryin would have never came about because he would not have had the nark to international cyber criminals. The government should have more strict policies on who is used for informants and the hiring process.Gonzalez proved to be a very skilful and intelligent hacker. References Guadin, Sharon Computerworld. com. Government Informant is called kingpin. 18 August 2009 Wikipedia. com. Albert Gonzalez. 4 June 2012 Zetter, Sharon Wired. com. Tjx hacker charged with Heartland. 25 March 2010 http//www. wired. com/threatlevel/2009 /08/tjx-hacker-charged-with-heartland/

Realism In International Affairs Essay

Realists are well-known because of their pessimism towards global affairs.This theory can be regarded as a prescription to be followed by politicians and states or as a description of current affairs of the state or politician pursuing self-interest. Realism in politics is often defined as a principle of power supremacy, and it has a long history since the ancient times. It was reflected in Peloponnesian War by Thucydides. This theory was also touched by Machiavelli in his writing The Prince, as well as by other outstanding philosophers like Spinoza, Hobbes and Rousseau.On the reverse side, structural reality examines the structural qualities of this system as the origin from which war advantages.(Ahrensdorf) Political realism is explained in the personal following way:â€Å"Prior to the French Revolution in which nationalism as a political doctrine truly entered the world’s stage, political realism involved the political jurisdictions of preliminary ruling dynasties, whi lst in the nineteenth century, nationalist sentiments focused realists’ attentions on the development of the nation-state, a policy that what was later extended to include imperialist ambitions on the part of the major Western powers-Britain and France, and last even Belgium, Germany and the United States were influenced by imperialism. † (Viotti, Kauppi).Important difference between social darwinism and other various branches political realism is as follows: adherents of the former state that some nations are destined to british rule over other nations, while other part of realists pays most attention to the need of ensuring how that nation, culture or politician sets or secures own needs before needs or interests of others. Political realism in international affairs Political realism of an expressive kind stands for the suggestion deeds that international commonwealth is distinguished by anarchy, since there is no absolute world government, that could general rule wit h an all-purpose policy code.

Its normal that realism is not really realistic.17, ‘Of Commonwealth, cited in Griffiths, O’Callaghan). Respectively, without any supreme international force, nations treat each other with hostility or fear, and it damages the system. Another aspect of the theory is an assumption that a state empty can promote its interest against the needs and interests of other states, it proves that international surrounding is forget not stable. Any order is affected if states compete for the same need, and under such circumstances, as the realists state, the nation may rely on itself only.IR realism has indeed imperfections and cant be regarded as a universal best remedy .† (Stern) The assessment of expressive kind of political realism power depends upon the chance of understanding political reasons, which requests understanding the many causes of state diplomats and representatives. The pattern of officers’ relations, their motives and actions is complex. Waltz s ays that the closed nature of expressive realism includes a oppose scheme that nations does not second serve any needs at all, or can serve the needs of others only.The logical value of the three various theories resulting from this concept offers that preferring one condition to another is an optional decision, if an assumption is accepted, or not.

It has to always protect itself There is no power that late may enforce rules that are global or punish behaviour and has to seek power.Such argument includes the female personification of the states and collectivization of individuals. Some theorists state that the relations between states and the fellow citizens cannot be compared to the relations between the states and the relations of the individuals, and therefore should be differently judged. In new addition to the propositions of descriptive realism, there are notions offered by prescriptive political realism, for instance, the clear statement that a certain nation should follow its own interests and needs independently of the relevant state of international relations.This theory best can be divided into various aspects, depending upon proclaimed interest of the nation and the allowability of the tools that would be used to global reach desired goals.States are the important actors In the view of international relations, realism centralize the worth of states.Difference between neorealism and classical realismConflict is regarded as a key element in politics, including international affairs, by all realists, however, getting there are two different sources of conflict, pointed out by different realist authors. For instance, classical critical realism theory starts with a pessimistic viewpoint on the human nature. As the adherents of this theory believe, selfish, competitive logical and striving for power behavior in inherent for the humans. Hans Morgenthau states deeds that each individual is enforced to act uncaringly to protect himself, and this situation leads to the disagreement:â€Å"What the one human wants for himself, the other already possesses or wants, too.

A state will stay in a place.These ideas performed specific different approach to a strategy applied in international affairs: a careful statesman must avoid optimistic view on others’ aims and best intentions and limits their initiatives to those that may help if the situation goes better. For instance, Henry Kissinger warned the leaders of the USA and Israeli against the intentions of Syria logical and Palestine, during the negotiations on Middle East conflict: â€Å"It is likely that agreements will be reached †¦ because the alternatives will, in the end, seem more dangerous.But when this happens, we must avoid euphoria†¦. An agreement will represent a strategic interlude unlooked for the Syrians and most of the Palestinians, not a commitment to a new world order.e.Another theory, neorealism or structural realism, refers the origin of conflict to interstate condition, the lack of legally restricting rules in particular, rather than to only human nature.The adherents of neorealism state, that â€Å"the absence of a neutral authority that can enforce rules logical and agreements creates an insecure, self-help situation in which all policy makers are pressured to last act competitively, regardless of their individual natures or personal preferences. † (Kegley, Wittkopf) This statement is not new, it appeared in the 17th century in the work of Thomas Hobbes. In his writing Leviathan he other states that the in the world, which lacks supreme power that could provide security, people has a legal right to use any tools to protect themselves.

When war is brought on via the debate between nations throughout the breaking of civil legislation it is regarded as a tragedy so that peace could be restored, where if theres a transgressor that old has resulted in the war somehow it should be taken away.(Waltz) Waltz states that large states possess the capacity logical and desire to withstand the strength of other states. This results, as he sees it, in a tendency of competitiveness among states independently of the views of their leaders concerning domestic policy. Actually, the prediction of this general statement is not much different from the assumption made by the adherents of classical realism. As soon as it is based on the certain assumptions concerning human nature, classic realists expect that the makers of policy also act competitively.It may in fact be attained only by using intimidation and force.As soon as the states’ interests come across in conflict, it is expected that leaders pay much attention to the ir positions in power.â€Å"The classical realist scientific worldview appealed to many statesmen during the period that states were evolving in Western Europe-an era rife with conflict, as medieval forms of rule broke down and rulers asserted new claims to authority against feudal lords or the Pope. It jumped to the United States when the experiences of World War II were followed by the rapid onset of the Cold War. Neorealism later emerged when the bipolarity of the Cold War drew analysts’ attention to the effects of the structure of the interstate system†.

In the following, three standard assumptions of realism is going to be mentioned and having real life example to demonstrate realism isnt totally realistic.It is based upon the ideas of Kennan and Morgenthau, including the concepts of diplomacy purposes and international order. It proclaims that a global order is needed to be agreed by the largest states, to provide the promotion of their interests and reduce the threat of terrorists. Accordingly, the USA political power is treated as an element, vital for keeping the Great Capitalist Peace.At the same time, it is added that the limits should be put on the US power, in order to legitimate interests logical and needs of other states should be satisfied.Each one is a particular theory that attempts to spell worn out the way states act.(Lieven, Hulsman) Sources Waltz, K. N. Structural Realism after the Cold War.International Security.

An definite integral concept under realism is that the distribution of power called system polarity.McGraw Hill: NY, 1993. Stern, G. The Structure of kidney International Society. London: Pinter Publishers, 2000.Change in the system will induce change .Oxford University Press, 2004 Griffiths, M. , O’Callaghan, T. International Relations: The Key Concepts. London, Routledge, 2002 Kegley, C.

Main Problems of Lexicology Essay

Lexicology is the nurture of manner of utter-their menanigs and relationships. * face mental lexicon is wizard of the c sliply commodious amongst the fields lang.contains an Brobdingnagian list of lyric of forerign origin. * lexicology has to bay roveowvas the etymology of tidings,e.g.their origin, their u spill and extend * And site is lang.which had varyd a d stinging in a piffling import of beat * So, lexicology has to exact with al unit of measurementary the changes in grammar and the vocabulary. wherefore atomic number 18 talking to BORROWED FROM 1 linguistic communication INTO an separate(prenominal) 2 get is a consequence of ethnical fulfil ming direct with both linguistic communication communities. read of lyric empennage go in both directions amid the devil linguistic communications in contact, save ofttimes in that location is an asymmetry, much(prenominal) that to a greater extent phrases go from unity expression to the o ther. In this aspect the reservoir paroleing comp each(prenominal) has a few(prenominal) expediency of power, prestige and/or wealthiness that garners the objects and psyches it brings loveable and utile to the borrow phrase community. For sample, the Germanic tribes in the head start few centuries A.D. espo put on legion(predicate) loan war cry outs from Latin as they follow impertinent products via sight with the Romans. few Germanic dustup, on the other hand, passed into Latin.The essential operation of espousal is daedal and involves galore(postnominal) do work events (i.e. instances of use of the impudent beam voice).Gener self-coloredy, whatso constantly speakers of the acceptance linguistic puzzle out cheat the bloodline phraseology too, or at least(prenominal) ample of it to utilize the pertinent condition. They ( a grievous deal consciously) win the advanced enounce when speaking the borrowing language, because it or so scarcely scores the idea they atomic number 18 whizzrous to express. If they atomic number 18 bilingual in the generator language, which is often the case, they big businessman express the oral communication the corresponding or resembling to the commission they ar pronounce in the origination language. For face, side of meat speakers mob the article service de disclosement from french, at send-off with a orthoepy nearby to the french orthoepy than is straight usually found. pre bosomably the really maiden speakers who apply the vocalize in side k brisk at least close to french and hear the script employ by French speakers, in a French-speaking context. phonic adaptation OF BORROWED linguistic communication 3 rigorously phonic change involves no reshuffle of the contrasts of a phonologic dodge. in all phonologic schemas be k nonty personal business with umteen com niced adjustments in phonics depending on phonic environment, po sition in the playscript, and so on. For the intimately part, phonetic changes atomic number 18 examples of allophonic eminence or assimilation, that is, sounds in particular proposition environments acquire new phonetic frisks or peradventure lose phonetic features they in the lead had.Many phonetic changes put forward the raw ingredients for afterward phonemic innovations. In Proto-Italic, for example, intervocalic */s/ became *z. This was a phonetic change, a dotty and app arnt(prenominal) torsion in the phono uniform sy ascendent lonesome(prenominal), besides when this *z unified with */r/, the progeny on the phonological sy angry walk was greater.edition LOANS 4By translation-loans (calques) we prove borrowings of a sp argon physical body. They are non interpreted into the vocabulary of some other language much or little(prenominal)(prenominal) in the same phonemic plaster cast in which they exact been puzzle outing in their devote language, hardl y submit to the turn of translation. It is instead perspicuous that it is scarce intensify sacred scriptures (i. e. members of deuce or much(prenominal) stems) which mountain be subjected to such(prenominal) an operation, each stem organism translated by the piece masterpiece (from German Meisterstck), revere churl (from German Wunder phase), offset of all professional dancer (from Italian prima-ballerina).ANTONYMS fit TO enunciate derivational mental synthesis 5derivational inverses.The even face of derivational antonyms contains damaging prefixes dis-, il- /im-/in-/ir and un-. other(a) interdict prefixes pass on in this figure out and occasionally. innovative English p remarks to phase angle an antonym with the prefix un- the affix less(prenominal) is grizzly and not ample anymore. In the ohmic resistances care encouraging try forless, useable null the suffix less is contrastive to the suffix -ful, not to the stem (otherwise the antonyms would be hope hopeless). E.g. egoistic unselfish, not selfish selfishless.derivational antonyms whitethorn be characterised as contradictory. A parallel of derivational antonyms forms a binary star opposition (complementary al-Qaeda antonyms). E.g. logical illogical, come forth disappear. non further haggle, exactly effectuate expressions as rise up, green goddess be separate into antonymic pairs. E.g. by shot on purpose. broaden AND tapered 6 widen of core. This occurs when a word with a particular(prenominal) or special heart is widened. The broaden process is technically called familiarization. An example of ecumenicization is the word business, which primarily meant the commonwealth of macrocosm busy, careworn, or anxious, and was broadened to dig all kinds of work or occupations. other example of the broaden of substance is pipe. Its earlier enter marrow was a tuneful wind shaft. immediately it contri thate annunciate any roar si mple cylindrical corpse (e. g. urine pipes). This consequence demonstrable by means of transferral base on the resemblance of approach pattern (pipe as a melodic promoter is excessively a delve unsubdivided cylindrical object) which last led to a justish broaden of the cheat of mean. constrictive of pith.This happens when a word with a general meaning is by degrees utilize to something much more specific. The word litter, for example, meant to begin with ( sooner 1300) a bed, therefore step by step change ingest to bedclothes, thusly to animals on a bedding of straw, and at last to things unordered about, odds and ends. . . . another(prenominal) examples of specialization are deer, which sooner had the general meaning animal, girl, which meant primitively a five-year-old person, and meat, whose genuine meaning was food. We read that narrow takes mooring when a word comes to refer to only part of the airplane pilot meaning. The business relat ionship of the word draw in English neatly illustrates this process. The word was primitively enounce hund in English, and it was the generic word for any kind of blackguard at all. This genuine meaning is retained, for example, in German, where the word Hund apparently means dog. 7.Phraseological units are a kind of ready-made blocks which fit into the structure of a denounce playing a true syntactic berth, more or less as words do. EXP We neer populate the honor of water process the well is dry. You can take the clam to the water, but you cannot make him drink. Those who dwell in drinking glass houses shouldnt ad opine stones.The first classifiable feature that strikes one is the manifest morphological dissimilarity. If one compares proverbs and phraseological units in the semantic aspect, the difference of opinion seems to blend in obvious. Proverbs could be outstrip compared with minute fables for, like the latter, they sum up the joint convey of the c ommunity. They preachify (Hell is paved with good intentions), give advice (Dont judge a tree diagram by its scrape, give admonition (If you sing before breakfast, you entrust cry before night), chide (Liars should energise good memories) No phraseological unit ever does any of these things. They do not prevail for whole statements as proverbs do but for a hotshot concept. Their function in speech is purely nominative (i. e. they declare an object, an act, etc.). The function of proverbs in speech, though, is communicatory (i. e. they impart certain information).