Monday, September 30, 2019

E-Commerce Marketplace

BUSINESS Retail consumer E-commerce continues to grow up at double-digit rates. The online demographics of shoppers continue to broaden. Online website continues to reinforce profitability by refining their business models and leveraging the capabilities of the Internet. The first wave of E-Commerce transformed the business world of books, music, and air travel. In the second wave, eight new industries are facing a similar transformation: telephones, movies, television, jewelry, real estate, hotels, bill payments, and software. The breadth of E-Commerce offerings grow ups, especially each and every one in travel, information clearinghouses, entertainment, retail apparel, appliances, and home furnishings. Each and every one business and entrepreneurs continue to flood into the E-Commerce marketplace, often riding on the infrastructure craft by industry giants such as Amazon, eBay, and Overture. Brand extension each and every one the way through the Internet grow ups as large firms such as Sears, J.C. Penney, L.L. Bean, and Wal-Mart pursue integrated, multi –channel bricks-and-clicks strategies. B2Bsupply chain transactions and collaborative commerce continue to reinforce and grow up beyond the $1.5trillion mark. TECHNOLOGY: Wireless Internet connections (Wi-Fi, Max, and 3Gtelephone) grew up rapidly. Podcasting takes off as a new media format for distribution of radio and user-generated commentary. The Internet broadband foundation becomes stronger in households and businesses. Bandwidth prices of telecommunications companies re-capitalize their debts. RSS (Real Simple Syndication) grow ups to become a mayor new form of user- controlled information distribution that rivals e-mail in some applications. Computing and networking component prices continue to fall dramatically. New Internet-based models of computing such as. NET and Web services expand B2B opportunities. SECIETYSelf-publishing (user-generated content) and syndication in the form of blogs, wikis and social network grow up to form an entirely new self-publishing forum. Newspapers and other conventional, customary & traditional media adopt online, interactive models. Conflicts over copyright management and control grow up in significance. Over half the Internet user population (about 80 million adults) joins a social group on the Internet. Taxation of Internet sales becomes more widespread and accepted by large online merchants. Controversy over content regulation and controls amplify and rises. Surveillance of Internet communications grows ups in s significance. Concerns over commercial and governmental privacy invasion grow up. Internet fraud and abuse occurrences amplify and rise. First Amendment rights of free speech and association on the Internet are challenged. Spam grows ups despite new laws and promised technology fixes. Invasion of personal privacy on the Web expands as marketers discover and locate new ways to track users. BUSINESS APPLICATION OF E-COMMERCE Typical business organizations (or parts within a business organization) design, produce, market, deliver and support its product (s)/service(s).Each of these activities adds cost and value to the product/service that is eventually distributed to the customer. The value-chain consists of a series of activities designed to satisfy a business need by adding value (or cost) in each phase of the process. In addition to these primary activities that result in a final product/service, supporting activities in this process also should be included:Managing company infrastructure Managing human resources Obtaining various inputs for each primary activityDeveloping technology to keep the business competitive. For instance, in a furniture manufacturing company, the company buys wood (raw materials) from a logging company and then converts the wood into chair (finished product); chairs are shipped to retailers, distributors, or customers. The company markets and services these chairs products. Those are the primary activities (value-chain) that adds value and result in a final product/service for the company. Value-chain analysis may highlight the opportunity for the company to manufacture products directly. This means, for furniture manufacturer, it may enter in the logging business directly or through partnership with others. he value chain may continue after delivering chairs to the furniture store. The store, by offering other products/services and mixing and matching this product with other products, may add additional value to the chair. The Internet can increase the speed and accuracy of communications between suppliers, distributors, and customers. Furthermore, the Internet's low cost allows companies of any size to be able to take advantage of value-chain integration. E-commerce may improve value chain by identifying new opportunities for cost reduction. For instance, using e-mail to notify customers instead of using regular mail helps for reducing cost. Selling to distant customers using the company web site may allow revenue improvement or generation. These sales may not have been materialized otherwise or selling digital products such as songs or computer software or distributing software through the web. Offering online customer service or new sales channel identification helps for product/service improvement.Dell Computer generates a large portion of its revenue through the Web by eliminating the middleman. Cisco systems sell much of its networking hardware and software over the Web, improving revenue and reducing cost. United Parcel Service (UPS) and Federal Express use the Internet to track packages that result in enhanced customer service.History of EcommerceOne of the most popular activities on the Web is shopping. It has much allure in it — you can shop at your leisure, anytime, and in your pajamas. Literally anyone can have their pages built to display their specific goods and services.History of ecommerce dates back to the invention of the very old notion of â€Å"sell and buy†, electricity, cables, computers, modems, and the Internet. Ecommerce became possible in 1991 when the Internet was opened to commercial use. Since that date thousands of businesses have taken up residence at web sites.At first, the term ecommerce meant the process of execution of commercial transactions electronically with the help of the leading technologies such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) which gave an opportunity for users to exchange business information and do electronic transactions. The ability to use these technologies appeared in the late 1970s and allowed business companies and organizations to send commercial documentation electronically.Although the Internet began to advance in popularity among the general public in 1994, it took approximately four years to develop the security protocols (for example, HTTP) and DSL which allowed rapid access and a persistent connection to the Internet. In 2000 a great number of business companies in the United States and Western Europe represented their services in the World Wide Web. At this time the meaning of the word ecommerce was changed. People began to define the term ecommerce as the process of purchasing of available goods and services over the Internet using secure connections and electronic payment services. Although the dot-com collapse in 2000 led to unfortunate results and many of ecommerce companies disappeared, the â€Å"brick and mortar† retailers recognized the advantages of electronic commerce and began to add such capabilities to their web sites (e.g., after the online grocery store Webvan came to ruin, two supermarket chains, Albertsons and Safeway, began to use ecommerce to enable their customers to buy groceries online). By the end of 2001, the largest form of ecommerce, Business-to-Business (B2B) model, had around $700 billion in transactions.According to all available data, ecommerce sales continued to grow in the next few years and, by the end of 2007, ecommerce sales accounted for 3.4 percent of total sales. Ecommerce has a great deal of advantages over â€Å"brick and mortar† stores and mail order catalogs. Consumers can easily search through a large database of products and services. They can see actual prices, build an order over several days and email it as a â€Å"wish list† hoping that someone will pay for their selected goods. Customers can compare prices with a click of the mouse and buy the selected product at best prices.Online vendors, in their turn, also get distinct advantages. The web and its search engines provide a way to be found by customers without expensive advertising campaign. Even small online shops can reach global markets. Web technology also allows to track customer preferences and to deliver individually-tailored marketing.History of ecommerce is unthinkable without Amazon and E-bay which were among the first Internet companies to allow electronic transactions. Thanks to their founders we now have a handsome ecommerce sector and enjoy the buying and selling advantages of the Internet. Currently there are 5 largest and most famous worldwide Internet retailers: Amazon, Dell, Staples, Office Depot and Hewlett Packard. According to statistics, the most popular categories of products sold in the World Wide Web are music, books, computers, office supplies and other consumer electronics. Amazon.com, Inc. is one of the most famous ecommerce companies and is located in Seattle, Washington (USA). It was founded in 1994 by Jeff Bezos and was one of the first American ecommerce companies to sell products over the Internet. After the dot-com collapse Amazon lost its position as a successful business model, however, in 2003 the company made its first annual profit which was the first step to the further development. At the outset Amazon.com was considered as an online bookstore, but in time it extended a variety of goods by adding electronics, software, DVDs, video games, music CDs, MP3s, apparel, footwear, health products, etc. The original name of the company was Cadabra.com, but shortly after it become popular in the Internet Bezos decided to rename his business â€Å"Amazon† after the world's most voluminous river. In 1999 Jeff Bezos was entitled as the Person of the Year by Time Magazine in recognition of the company's success. Although the company's main headquarters is located in the USA, WA, Amazon has set up separate websites in other economically developed countries such as the United Kingdom, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, and China. The company supports and operates retail web sites for many famous businesses, including Marks ; Spencer, Lacoste, the NBA, Bebe Stores, Target, etc.Amazon is one of the first ecommerce businesses to establish an affiliate marketing program, and nowadays the company gets about 40% of its sales from affiliates and third party sellers who list and sell goods on the web site. In 2008 Amazon penetrated into the cinema and is currently sponsoring the film â€Å"The Stolen Child† with 20th Century Fox.According to the research conducted in 2008, the domain Amazon.com attracted about 615 million customers every year. The most popular feature of the web site is the review system, i.e. the ability for visitors to submit their reviews and rate any product on a rating scale from one to five stars. Amazon.com is also well-known for its clear and user-friendly advanced search facility which enables visitors to search for keywords in the full text of many books in the database.One more company which has contributed much to the process of ecommerce development is Dell Inc., an American company located in Texas, which stands third in computer sales within the industry behind Hewlett-Packard and Acer. Launched in 1994 as a static page, Dell.com has made rapid strides, and by the end of 1997 was the first company to record a million dollars in online sales. The company's unique strategy of selling goods over the World Wide Web with no retail outlets and no middlemen has been admired by a lot of customers and imitated by a great number of ecommerce businesses. The key factor of Dell's success is that Dell.com enables customers to choose and to control, i.e. visitors can browse the site and assemble PCs piece by piece choosing each single component based on their budget and requirements. According to statistics, approximately half of the company's profit comes from the web site. In 2007, Fortune magazine ranked Dell as the 34th-largest company in the Fortune 500 list and 8th on its annual Top 20 list of the most successful and admired companies in the USA in recognition of the company's business model.History of ecommerce is a history of a new, virtual world which is evolving according to the customer advantage. It is a world which we are all building together brick by brick, laying a secure foundation for the future generations.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Information Technology Essay

Advancements in information technology have had many great benefits on society. It has revolutionized the phase of business and living around the world. Information Technology has made Local businesses become international due to a simple website. Information technology (IT) is the use of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data. The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. It is broadly considered to encompass the use of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data. Several industries are associated with information technology, such as computer hardware,software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment and computer services (Chandler, 2012). Therefore, the purpose of this assignment is to discuss the wonders and horrors Information Technology has brought to us. It will first look at the wonders which Information Technology has brought, and then it will look at the horrors. It is from the wonders and horrors were a conclusion will be drawn from. Today information technology involves more than just computer literacy; it also takes into account how computers work and how these computers can further be used not just for information processing but also for communications and problem solving tasks as well. Information technology also involves the development, installation, implementation, maintenance, and the use of computer systems, software and networks for the processing and distribution of data (Daintith, 2009). Our world today has changed a great deal with the aid of information technology. The revolution in IT has itself been brought forth by a company of innovations in telecommunications and informatics, made possible by cheaper new lightweight materials such as optical fibers transmitting information faster. Information flows faster and less expensively throughout the globe, but it will take substantial time to reach full digitalization given the youth of IT (Achimugu et al; 2009). Things that were once done manually or by hand have now become computerized operating systems, which simply require a single click of a mouse to get a task completed. With the aid of Information Technology, we are not only able to stream line our business processes but we are also able to get constant information in ‘real time’ that is up to the minute and up to date (Vermaat,2004). The significance of Information Technology can be seen from the fact that it has penetrated almost every aspect of our daily lives from business to leisure and even society. The world has an estimated 350 million internet users. Over 90% of them are in industrial countries, although developing countries comprise about 85% of the world population (Berndt and Morrison, 1995). Today personal Computers, cell phones, fax machines, email and internet have all not only become an integral part of our very culture but also play an essential role in our day to day activities (Parker, 2003). Information Technology has brought a lot of wonders in our daily living. Some of the wonders include: Globalization – IT has not only brought the world closer together, but it has allowed the world’s economy to become a single interdependent system. This means that we can not only share information quickly and efficiently, but we can also bring down barriers of linguistic and geographic boundaries. The world has developed into a global village due to the help of information technology allowing countries like Chile and Japan who are not only separated by distance but also by language to shares ideas and information with each other. Communication – With the help of information technology, communication has also become cheaper, quicker, and more efficient. We can now communicate with anyone around the globe by simply text messaging them or sending them an email for an almost instantaneous response. The internet has also opened up face to face direct communication from different parts of the world thanks to the helps of video conferencing. Information Technology affects the way companies communicate and establish relations with their clients. In the fast moving and business environment, it is vital for them to interact with clients regularly and quickly to gain their trust and to obtain customer loyalty. With the use of internet and social networks, firms interact with consumers and answer all their queries about the products. Take for instance ‘ Barack Obama- USA President’ as the figure. With the use of networking sites such as Twitter and Facebook, blogs, social bookmarking, the leader could approach to the world whenever necessary and the world can receive the news and updates which he has done or wants done within a short period of time. Cost effectiveness – Information technology has helped to computerize the business process thus streamlining businesses to make them extremely cost effective money making machines. This in turn increases productivity which ultimately gives rise to profits that means better pay and less strenuous working conditions. Additionally, to think and to research, we need resources to find what our past people has thought, what quotes they have left for us that is information and theory. Information can now be easily found by a single click in search engines such as Google and yahoo. Business Operations. With the use of technological innovations, business owners and entrepreneur understand their cash flow better, how to manage their storage costs well and enables you to save time and money. Bridging the cultural gap – Information technology has helped to bridge the cultural gap by helping people from different cultures to communicate with one another, and allow for the exchange of views and ideas, thus increasing awareness and reducing prejudice. More time – IT has made it possible for businesses to be open 24 x7 all over the globe. This means that a business can be open anytime anywhere, making purchases from different countries easier and more convenient. It also means that you can have your goods delivered right to your doorstep with having to move a single muscle. Increase the sense of Human Rights- The technology can remind of our human rights, basic needs and give updates where relief or worldwide help is necessary. During earthquakes, terrible floods, while co-operation is necessary the World Wide Web can help us to collect the donation by a desired amount. It is not possible to just figure out everything about the good and bad sides of Information and Technology within a page and article as because it has mixed with every aspects and corners of our lives. Rather, let us look at the side effects, bad sides (cons) which IT-sectors have brought to the Human Society Creation of new jobs – Probably the best advantage of information technology is the creation of new and interesting jobs. Computer programmers, Systems analyzers, Hardware and Software developers and Web designers are just some f the many new employment opportunities created with the help of IT. Information technologies of various kinds, together with globalization, are powerfully affecting the range of employment options for individuals in advanced and developing countries alike- and at various levels of education. Further, the classes of Information Technology that automate, disinter mediate and reduce costs of remoteness are also enabling the construction of increasin gly complex and geographically diverse global supply chains and networks (Spence, 2012) . Advancements in information technology have had many great benefits on society; however, this has not come without its downsides. Below are some of the horrors or disadvantages of information technology: Unemployment – While information technology may have streamlined the business process it has also created job redundancies, downsizing and outsourcing. This means that a lot of lower and middle level jobs have been done away with causing more people to become unemployed. Technology in an organization, company or business, the number of hours that a human works at that company is reduced. Technology is playing multiple roles. The replacement of routine manual work by machines and robots is a powerful, continuing and perhaps accelerating trend in manufacturing and logistics, while networks of computers are replacing routine white-collar jobs in information processing. For instance, the elimination of intermediaries in banking, online retail and a host of government services, to name just a few affected areas. This has even resulted in some people losing their jobs because technology is doing it for them. However this is beneficial for the organization as their profit is increased because they do not need to pay their workers as much because they are not required as much (Spence, 2012). Privacy – Though information technology may have made communication quicker, easier and more convenient, it has also bought along privacy issues. From cell phone signal interceptions to email hacking, people are now worried about their once private information becoming public knowledge. As IT Sectors have wined the people’s heart worldwide. People are here to share and store any kind of information, private date in their hard drives and private online databases. But due to some Cyber-Criminals, nothing is so safe both online and offline. If someone becomes a bit careless, he or she may needs to pay high for it especially when it comes to work related information (Saldarini and DeRobertis, 2003). Lack of job security – Industry experts believe that the internet has made job security a big issue as since technology keeps on changing with each day. This means that one has to be in a constant learning mode, if he or she wishes for their job to be secure. Dominant culture – While information technology may have made the world a global village, it has also contributed to one culture dominating another weaker one. For example it is now argued that US influences how most young teenagers all over the world now act, dress and behave. Languages too have become overshadowed, with English becoming the primary mode of communication for business and everything else Over reliance on technology – a lot of people believe that because computers and the Internet has become such a regular part of modern life, some people particularly children who grow up with it, will not be able to function without it. Some people think that the Internet is making people lazy, particularly when it comes to essay or project research as instead of reading books in a library, one can just perform a Google search. Loss of communication skills – with the ever increasing variety of social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter, a lot of people are worried that traditional communication skills will be lost. This worry is particularly about children who often engage in these websites because communication and interactive skills are not important with computers. Loss of personal touch – emails and instant messaging has replaced the old tradition of handwriting letters. And although this is advantageous because of time constraints, a personal touch and sense of feeling is lost compared to taking the time to sit down and hand write a letter. We can think, gather human principles (ethical knowledge) and make co-operative relationships between friends and families. But due to harmful aspects of (IT) people are becoming fully technological based. And it can bring huge damage to the society as its taking away the natural thoughts and organic ideas. Health problems – research has shown that technology can cause a number of problems with a person’s health. Many scientists, doctors and researchers are concerned about possible links between technology and heart problems, eye strain, obesity, muscle problems and deafness. Waste emitted from technology can pollute the environment which not only makes people ill, it also damages the environment. The online community is not safe for Family anymore- the family is the foundation of every nation. However, due to Information Technology, children under age may often share Cell Numbers, Private Email Address which can be hacked by people and can pass it to the criminals who have a blue-print to harm the society. And people are losing credit card privacy and other payment processing options. Again, there are some sites created by foul people, which can lead under eighteen teenagers to a different path – That Is going to bring Harm to the Nation. A very good example is the Iris Kaingu Video which circulated not only nationwide but also worldwide and was viewed by both young people and adults. In conclusion, one can safely say Information Technology has brought both wonders and horrors to our society. Things that were once done manually, or by hand have now become easier and faster by the introduction of computer technology in the workplace. Our world today has changed a great deal with the aid of Information Technology which has penetrated in almost every aspect of our daily lives and society. With all the good things about Information Technology, it has brought terrible horrors to some in our societies. A lot of people have lost their jobs because they have become irrelevant due to the introduction of computers in the workplace. It has contributed to the poor livelihood of people. Advancements in information technology have had many great benefits on society. It has revolutionized the phase of business and living around the world. Information Technology has made Local businesses become international due to a simple website. Information technology (IT) is the use of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data. The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. It is broadly considered to encompass the use of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data. Several industries are associated with information technology, such as computer hardware,software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment and computer services (Chandler, 2012). Therefore, the purpose of this assignment is to discuss the wonders and horrors Information Technology has brought to us. It will first look at the wonders which Information Technology has brought, and then it will look at the horrors. It is from the wonders and horrors were a conclusion will be drawn from. Today information technology involves more than just computer literacy; it also takes into account how computers work and how these computers can further be used not just for information processing but also for communications and problem solving tasks as well. Information technology also involves the development, installation, implementation, maintenance, and the use of computer systems, software and networks for the processing and distribution of data (Daintith, 2009). Our world today has changed a great deal with the aid of information technology. The revolution in IT has itself been brought forth by a company of innovations in telecommunications and informatics, made possible by cheaper new lightweight materials such as optical fibers transmitting information faster. Information flows faster and less expensively throughout the globe, but it will take substantial time to reach full digitalization given the youth of IT (Achimugu et al; 2009). Things that were once done manually or by hand have now become computerized operating systems, which simply require a single click of a mouse to get a task completed. With the aid of Information Technology, we are not only able to stream line our business processes but we are also able to get constant information in ‘real time’ that is up to the minute and up to date (Vermaat,2004).

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Human resource management Policies and Principle Essay

HRM policies and principles contribute to the effectiveness, continuity and stability of the organization.† Human resource is the set of individuals who make up the workforce of an organization. Any successful organization does not owe its success solely to market realities and sustainable competitive advantages. Successful companies are those that consider their human resource as their most important asset.Human resource is thequalitative aspects, that actually make or break an organization. With this aspect in mind Human resource management becomes a top level priority issue for an organization. Human Resources Management (HRM) is the strategic management of the employees, who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of the strategic objectives of the organization. Assuming that the employees of an organization are individuals with own mental maps and perceptions, own goals and own personalities, own capabilities HRM holds that the organization should be able to employ both individual and group psychology in order to commit employees to the achievement of organizational goals. The main goals / responsibilities of HRM are: †¢ To retain low employee turnover rate by inspiring people to work for the company †¢ To attract new employees †¢ To contribute to employee development In order to achieve these responsibilities each organization after collecting information and incidents from past experience, employees and other companys define their policies and principle. HRM policies are the guidelines which consist of the terms and conditions of the organization which should be communicated to every employ and which serves as a guide in time of decision making.Each organizations makes its own policy depending on its objective and work environment. Policies are not a hard and fast rules, each organization make policies which are somewhat flexible and can be modified with the consent of majority in order to benefit the organization. Following are some of the policies adopted by any organization and its contribution to effectiveness, stability and continuity of the organization: 1.Policy of hiring people with due respect to factors like reservation, age, marital status, sex and the likes 2.Policy on terms and conditions of employment – compensation policy and methods, hours of work, overtime, promotion,transfer, lay-off, retirement and the likes 3.Policy with regard to medical assistance-sickness benefits and ESI and company medical benefits 4.Policy regarding training and development-need for,method of, and frequency of training and development 5.Policy regarding housing, transport,uniform and allowances 6.Policy regarding industrial relations-trade-union recognition, collective bargaining, grievances procedure, participative management, and communication with workers. Hrm principles Principles are universal truths generally applicable to all organizations. Principles guides managers to formulate policies, programmes,procedures and practices. Following are some principles which any organization follow and how they contribute to the effectiveness, continuity and stability of the organization:- 1.Principle of individual deveploments to offer full and equal opportunities to every employee to realize his/her full potential. 2.Principle of scientific selection to select the right person for the right job 3.Principle of free flow of communication to keep all channels of communication open and encourage upward, downward, horizontal,formal and informal communication 4.Principle of participation to associate employee representatives at every level of decision making 5.Principle of fair remuneration to pay fair and equitable wages and salaries commensurating with the jobs 6.Principle of incentives to recognize and reward good performances 7.Principle of dignity of labour to treat every job and every job holder with dignity and respect 8.Principle ofoflabour management co-operation- to promote cordial industrial relations 9.Principle ofof team-spirit to promote co-operation and team-spirit among employees 10.Principle of contribution to national prosperity to provide a higher purpose of work to all employees and to contribute to national prosperity.

Friday, September 27, 2019

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - Research Paper Example Given the frequency of this disorder, it is one that all medical professionals should be familiar with. What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome? Fetal Alcohol Syndrome—the number one preventable cause of birth defects and developmental disorders in the United States—was first given its name in 1973 (Warren, Hewitt, & Thomas, 2011). Though there had been many instances of women drinking during pregnancy, the symptoms caused in the fetus and child hadn’t been a focus of study. It occurs in .5 to 7.0 cases per 1,000 births in this country (Warren et al., 2011). Subcategories of the syndrome have also been identified to describe disorders of lesser severity. These include partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Fetal Alcohol Effects, alcohol-related birth defects, alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (Warren et al., 2011). â€Å"Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome† describes some of the same features as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome but does no t require all of the same diagnostic criteria to be met (Warren et al., 2011). The term â€Å"Fetal Alcohol Effects† is used when symptoms of maternal exposure are present but not severe enough to meet criteria for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (Warren et al., 2011). ... Clearly, alcohol has the capacity to impact the fetus on many levels and with a multitude of possible manifestations. Although Fetal Alcohol Syndrome falls within the range of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, the term encompasses many other varieties of the disorder. When taking the entire range of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders into account, these disorders are estimated to occur in 1 percent and possibly many more births (Warren et al., 2011). Though there is a spectrum of severity amongst fetal alcohol disorders, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is the most profound (Warren et al., 2011). Obviously, all of these disorders have a profound impact on the sufferer, no matter what diagnostic label is chosen. It goes without saying that the pregnant woman’s use of alcohol will harm the fetus to some degree. There are a variety of factors contributing to the degree of damage maternal alcohol use exerts on the fetus (Davis, Desrocher, & Moore, 2011). First, the quantity of alcohol consume d by the mother will determine the level of alcohol in the blood stream of the fetus, and the regularity or pattern of maternal consumption also plays a role (Davis et al., 2011). If a mother consumes alcohol during the first trimester of pregnancy, the development of brain cells is disturbed, while third trimester exposure damages areas of the brain structure (Davis et al., 2011). Indeed, the amount, timing, and duration of alcohol use determines the severity of the disease (Larkby & Day, 1997). Another factor that affects the severity of damage done to the fetus relates to the mother’s genetics, which determine in part the body’s rate of metabolizing alcohol as well as sensitivity to it (Davis et al., 2011). The fetus that inherits sensitivity to alcohol based on

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Reflection 10 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection 10 - Research Paper Example t approach between these two is the approach whereby the customer reserves flights directly via airlines websites with their personal computers since the approach avoids intermediaries (â€Å"Airline Reservation Systems†). Airline companies are the most likely segments that will use the internet to distribute airline tickets to their customers. In this case, the necessity of these airline companies to deal directly with their clients will be the guiding factor that leads them to use this approach and offer their airline tickets to the customer in order to lessen the power of intermediaries and competitively offer their services to their customers. In addition, airlines will benefit from using this distribution channel since agencies may fail to offer an airline’s tickets to customers and offer the competitor’s tickets depending on the amount of commission an agency obtained from different airline companies. The main aspect that may inhibit the success of this distribution channel is its nature in targeting customers who have access to computers and the internet. In addition, only computer literate customers will be able to carry out the procedure involved in booking a flight online without the assistance of another person. Therefore, the system leaves out potential customers who were not computer literate and customers who do not have access to the internet. Hence, airline agencies are the most suited distribution channels for these two groups that the internet distribution channel failed to serve. There is an underlying potential conflict between these two distribution channels. First, the agencies present many alternatives to customers in order for the customer to make an informed decision regarding their choice for the airline to use since an agency does not deal with one airline. Hence, this channel of distributing tickets will not meet a company’s objective of selling tickets directly to the customers since airline agencies will be selling tickets

Monologue of Winston Smith from the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by Essay

Monologue of Winston Smith from the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by author George Orwell - Essay Example Is it the hour of doom for Oceania? Perhaps not, as Oceania troops are ready for their retreat soon†¦ (p.157) Why have I taken such a distasteful clove-saccharine, which always turns me pale and disgusting? Why the unbidden waiter has placed chessboard, along with refilling my empty glass? Perhaps they are familiar with my financial position these days..... Yes, I possess money in plenty, more than enough to carry out my needs...! Here I’m, playing chess alone; but I’m not alone altogether, as the great Big Brother is my associate every time, and does not leave me alone. However, why it so happens that white always win over the black, by leaving black at sorry state of affairs subsequently.....; is it the same struggle between evil and good, where the latter turns out to be triumphant without taking the time period of the game into any consideration? (p.158) Why I feel so worried and perturbed for the eventual defeat and trouncing of the Oceanic forces at the hands of Eurasia? Should I get absorbed into the struggle to two big powers, which could bring death, destruction and defoliation in the wake of the division of the world and the Part as well? Should I feel gloomy at the ultimate defeat of the Big Brother?..... Alas, contrary to Julia’s big claims, the Party has intruded into me by penetrating into my heart eventually.....! (p.158) How did it happen, where the Party has taken the place of my beloved, and declining our interest in each other? Why was the passion not igniting during our March meeting as it used to be before our arrest in the flourishing month of April, as our enthusiasm has abated in the same manner as the downtrodden individuals belonging to the Outer Party and the Proles lead their life in a state of deprivation and senselessness!!! The cruel totalitarian system has captured our minds, along with all the thoughts prevailing in them... the hearts have

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Need a teaching paper for a diabetic patient (portion control) Assignment

Need a teaching paper for a diabetic patient (portion control) - Assignment Example Patient education Diabetes type  II is a metabolic disorder that is associated with high blood glucose and lack of insulin or simply insulin deficiency in blood (Ackley & Ladwig, 2013). When it comes to management of diabetes type II, control of blood sugar is usually the central subject matter. After all, when ones level of blood sugar is kept within the target range, it can help him or her to live a healthy life. The main aim of patient education was for M.E. to improve her knowledge, skills and self-assurance, enabling her to take enhanced control of her own condition as well as incorporate effective self-management aspects into her daily lives (Ackley & Ladwig, 2013). This is premised on the fact that high-quality patient education can actually have a profound impact on health outcomes of patients and can drastically enhance quality of life. In particular, this patient education aimed at teaching M.E. on how to keep a balance diet and portion control in away that will help her manage her condition-Diabetes type  II. In this context, my main goal was to promote the health of M.E. and to avert any further outcome associated with the disease. The information that M.E. will receive, will be of great importance in terms of enabling her to make changes in her feeding lifestyle and this will help in controlling her blood glucose within normal or target range. All other aspects associated with her conditions such as, if she had ever confided her condition into anyone, and if anyone has ever told her anything regarding her condition, were revisited before I brought about the topics to be discussed. She openly stated that she had shared a lot with her primary care doctor. In this case nonetheless, I assured her that my aim was simply to provide information that would her manage her condition well in terms of how to keep a balance diet and portion control. My primary teaching material in this case was a handout entailing illustrations and information about diabete s type II disease and the choice was based on the fact that illustrations serves to reinforce the point that has been taught and are easier to understand even for people who are not familiar with it. The first topic to be introduced was what diabetes was and its likely effects on ones body. I began by explaining to her that Diabetes Type II was a condition resulting from the failure of insulin to control to a minimum the level of glucose in blood (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013). As a result, there is no absorption of glucose to be used by the body cells for the production of energy. Under the causes, I explained to her that the disease is caused by a mixture of genetic and lifestyle factors. Whilst some factors such as diet are under personal control or management, others, such as female gender, genetics and increasing age, are not. This, therefore, led into a discussion on the dangers associated with the disease: the danger of cardiovascular disease, including stroke and ischemic he art disease which are similarly life threatening. The next topic we discussed was what factors lead to Diabetes Type II, such as her Hispanic ethnicity, her old age, lack of physical activity, poor diet and family history of diabetes. Having informed her about all these, I then discussed with her about the things she could do in her daily life to manage her level of blood glucose. Specifically, I advised her to avoid diets that have high content of sugar. However, I emphasized that in as much as healthy eating is a foundation of any diabetes

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Mapping the War of 1812 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mapping the War of 1812 - Assignment Example As well, the economy of the fledgling American state was suffering due to restricted European trading (The Star, 2012). It was in Thames that General Henry Proctor, a British General, took a stand against the advancing Americans. Although small, this battle was to have consequences that affected not only the British and Americans, but also the Aboriginals of Canada. General Proctor had retreated from Detroit as he had little supplies and his military command capabilities were inadequate to meet the needs of the situation or to marshal and guide the forces under his command. The Americans advanced from the south, where they had just won the Battle of Lake Erie under Captain Oliver H. Perry (The Royal Canadian Geographical Society, 2011). Flush with victory, they were a force that General Proctor was reluctant to tackle. Chief Tecumseh, the great Shawnee war chief did not agree with Proctor’s decision to retreat. He feared that the advance of the Americans would adversely affect the Aboriginal communities west of Detroit and in the whole northwest. Proctor assured Chief Tecumseh that the army would make a stand against the Americans and the Shawnee war chief had little choice but to follow him. The Americans landed near Amherstburg and slowly followed Proctor’s retreating forces. Meanwhile, Proctor failed to order the destruction of access points such as bridges. In Thames, Ontario, Proctor took his stand. The Aboriginals were positioned to the right of the British, in the swamp, where, after the British were routed by the Americans and had surrendered, the Aboriginal warriors fought valiantly against the mounted American army. Chief Tecumseh and another Aboriginal leader, Chief Stiahta, were killed in this battle and the Aboriginal warriors were left leaderless and disheartened. Over 200 British soldiers managed to escape to northern Lake Ontario, leaving behind over 600 killed or captured (The

Monday, September 23, 2019

The Broadway show Chicago Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Broadway show Chicago - Personal Statement Example The most exhilarating shows in Chicago's lively Downtown Theater District contributed significantly to my appreciation of the aesthetic experience of the mind and the stages of the Ford Center for the Performing Arts/Oriental Theatre, the Cadillac Palace Theatre, the Bank of America Theatre, the Auditorium Theatre and the Drury Lane Theatre Water Tower Place are some of the most notable stages that brought to my mind a really high opinion about stage show Chicago. The Addams Family and Jersey Boys are two of the most incredible shows in the Broadway show in Chicago. Significantly, the former is a splendid new show created by Jersey Boys authors Marshall Brickman and Rick Elice at the Oriental Theater, Ford Center, while the latter is a multi-award winning show. "The weird and wonderful family created by cartoonist Charles Addams comes to devilishly delightful life in a new Broadway Musical The Addams Family Jersey Boys, the mutli-award winning Broadway show about the rise to fame of Frankie Valli & the Four Seasons is breaking box office records at the Bank of America Theater in Chicago." (The Best Shows in Chicago) Therefore, my experience in the Broadway show in Chicago has given me an essential opportunity to understand and appreciate aesthetic value of the stage show in Chicago, in which I realized the importance of costume, dance, choreography, musical elements of the show. It is fundamental to note that the Broadway show in Chicago is an absolute beauty, incorporating dance, choreography, music, performances, etc. and the various stages in the show bring before the audience a memorable experience that no one ever forget all through his life. One of the main attractions of the shows here is the costumes used for various performances, dance programs, and musical shows. Significantly, Broadway costumes offer accuracy and professionalism to any performance staged in Chicago. The great wealth of theatrical costumes enhances the beauty of every show presented here, and I was particularly attracted to the theatrical costumes of the Pirates of Penzance and Phantom of the Opera. Another fundamental attraction of the Broadway show in Chicago is, undoubtedly, the pulse-racing revival of the musical 'Chicago' which also incorporates some of the sexiest and most sophisticated dancing on Broadway show. As Ben Brantley maintains, "this new incarnation, directed by Wa lter Bobbie and choreographed by Ann Reinking (who also stars), makes an exhilarating case both for 'Chicago' as a musical for the ages and for the essential legacy of Fosse, whose ghost has never been livelier than it is here." (Brantley) Therefore, the costumes, musical, dancing, and choreography in the Broadway show in Chicago attract a number of theatre-goers today. The Broadway show in Chicago has offered me a great opportunity to recognize my ability to appreciate aesthetic elements of every artistic form. The costumes of the show attracted me very much and the dancers and choreographers seemed amazing to me. Significantly, the stage show in Chicago helped me in realizing the excitement of Chicago tourism and every show I witnessed here will live in my loveliest memories all through my life. The striking revival of Chicago musical and dancing reminded me of the glorious days of the show.

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Black People and South Africa Essay Example for Free

Black People and South Africa Essay The movie invictus portrays a very controversial issue that has been presented throughout history in many ethnic groups and is seen in societies up to these days. The apartheid is clearly pictured in the movie through many of the attitudes and actions that people take towards the other race they live in their day by day. What is more, Mandela constitutes one of the most important figures in South Africa, especially for the black race as he ? liberated them?from the apartheid. From those days Mandela has been recognized worldwide as a major symbol of the rainbow nation; a reality of distinction between the black and the white people and its establishing differe nces. In the movie, it is highly represented the context in which two different races coexist, and how such a popular sport as rugby can actually create a powerful bond between two races, stimulating a feeling of companionship and unity for the population . For instance, one of the most significant examples seen in the movie is that about the rejection towards Nelson Mandela as a color person when he was first elected as president of the republic of South Africa. The staff of the presidential house, for example started to resign at the very moment it was officially proclaimed that the new president, who had been 27 years in prison for the conflict of the segregation, was a color person. Besides all the differences the two races had in the 1990? s, such as economic standards, prohibition in public places, and extremely opposite ideologies , the Spring Boks which were the most popular rugby team, reached the goal to give an end to the Apartheid. This does not only concern the social, as well as political, and ec onomical issues, but rugby also serves as an emotional trigger to what represents the unity, compassion and sets free the passion to reinforce a country. As the Spring Boks managed to win the World Cup, which was firstly asked by the president, the country started to be a better one, a country which had day by day less and less differences between the two races that were facing each other for more than 10 years. The feeling of rejection towards being in the same room with a colour person was vanished, the passion that both ? nations? had achieved for the South African rugby team was found in each of the African member, and what is more, the strength that the country accomplished by the power that Mandela had towards his family, the South African population. The equality that had been formed between the different races was totally represented in the movie in all the aspects of the population, from the economic Maria Eugenia Traibel Senior III West Social Studies Invictus Essay position, to the social, political and ideological one. This can be demonstrated with many situations that were demonstrated in the movie Invictus. On the one hand, I could express the changes in the social aspects with a punctual situation that besides it was shown in the movie, it was a situation tha t was lived in South Africa every day, this one is associated with the prohibition of access of public places such as bathrooms, rugby and football fields, and the feeling of being in the same room with a person of a different race. The social rejection that the population felt towards the black people, and the feeling of revenge that the colour people felt towards the white ones, was such that they couldn? t speak to each other. From the ideological aspect, I could say that it was one of the aspects that were mostly shown especially through the rugby. The black people couldn? t stand or see the symbol of the spring Boks, as it represented to them the segregation, the apartheid, even the children who were given clothes as a gift because they couldn? t have them, they didn?t accept the Spring Boks t-shirts, it made them feel revenge and fear. But as Nelson fought for having a rainbow nation through the rugby, colour people started to change their minds and support their country as they didn? t do before. They lea rned to play the sport; they waved the Spring Boks flag and the South African one and also shared the passion for the game with all the African population. The distrust that the white people had towards Nelson Mandela made a twist when he went directly to the important symbol of them, the rugby. All he learned about the other culture was while he spent time in prison, the strategies that he used to make a better country all came to him with the time, and with the 27 years that he had to think while he was alone in his cell. All in all, the movie Invictus is a great demonstration of the history of apartheid that the Republic of South Africa suffered, and also how the powerful symbol of it, Nelson Mandela, fought to reach the end of it, and to reinforce the country, so they could have a rainbow nation, a nation with equality in their lives.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Analysis Of A Prayer For Owen Meany English Literature Essay

Analysis Of A Prayer For Owen Meany English Literature Essay The economical/political social background of the story A Prayer for Owen Meany by John Irving had a huge impact on the characters and the plot of the story. John Irving  chose to write about Americas political state throughout the story to connect it to past tragic events which have occurred in the main characters life. His writing style makes us aware of his view on Americas society and he too, like the main character in this book moved from America to Canada. Owen Meany claimed himself to be the instrument of God. His parents told him he was a virgin death; could he be the baby Christ? John Irving presented Owen with characteristics which made him seem like he is not part of this world. Owen could have been a tragic hero.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many unpleasant events occurred throughout Owens life even though he was a virtuous person. He died by saving the life of Vietnamese kids. This connects to Romeo and Juliet, because when they died, their death made the Capulets and Montagues stop the feud and it made them notice how it was stupid of them to keep the two apart and they started to settle their differences. Before Owen died, his family would hate the Catholics for an event which occurred in their families past history. However, Owen died helping a nun take children to the washroom and so everyone realized their hate for each other was nonsensical. The major knew Owen had been a hero (616). A tragic hero always has a huge impact on the characters and readers, and Owen changed everyones opinion about who he truly was. I guess we were wrong about your little friend (556). Owen motivated the rev to find his lost faith and now he spoke with belief and confidence at the funeral. Ow en was not just a hero to the United States Army- he was our hero (556). There was something about him that attracted everyone. Even Johns mother loved Owen just like her own son. Owen would never complain about others and he would just stay there and take in the pain which symbolized him as a martyr. When he saw a man on the streets, he would want to help him right away. WE SHOULD STOP AND HELP THAT MAN (25). He had qualities which most of us humans dont possess no matter how noble and devoted we are. He even played the baby Christ in a play and that compared him to one of Gods messengers. He would follow the holy book and always asked: Does it say so in the bible? (170). Owens strange small size and very high voice was a symbol as well. This demonstrated to us how he was not a normal human but something different. Owen never tried to change his voice, because he knew it was for a purpose and it came from God. He was represented as a leader. He also  controlled people older than him and he even demanded the Catholics  to sign petitions against themselves. He was not intimidated by the bigger boys because he had been smaller (228). Everyone would listen to him such as the priests and he corrected them about their philosophy. Owen played the Lord Jesus in another play which showed his connection to God.   Owen was even known as the voice, because he represented everyones opinions and beliefs in the high school. Owen was exceptional, and all his differences portrayed him as Gods instrument. He didnt die unexpectedly without ever knowing. But since the day he was born, he knew his whole life ahead of him and he knew that  everything which happened to him was planned to happen, even his death. Therefore, he is related to a tragic hero because it was written in his destiny from the start. One important message the author tried to convey throughout the book was how strong the friendship between Owen and John was. Owen was the reason John got far in life and the author used many symbols and motifs to express it. After Johns mother died, Owen took her dressmakers dummy from John. DONT STARE AT THE DUMMY. ITS NOT GOOD FOR YOU (183). Owen knew the dummy would remind him of Tabitha. Not just did Owen take the dummy, but he took the baseball. The baseball symbolized the instrument of his mothers death. He also took Johns Armadillo which Dan had given to him, but he returned it after removing the claws. Without the claws, the armadillo could not be stable. All these items he took away from Owen were a motif throughout the book which represented how they both had lost something important, which they loved. In the beginning of the book, they mention Watahantowet who was an armless Indian Sagamore who owned land but lost it. This was also a reoccurring motif in the novel represe nting how they had less power and they were helpless. It even showed the pain caused by events which occurred in their life. At the end, Owen cut off Johns index finger to help John avoid joining the Vietnamese war. This shows us how John trusted Owen and placed confidence in him by knowing he had done the right thing. It seems as if Owen took a lot from John through his life. But, these examples showed us how he helped him and gave him more then what he took away. When Owen took the dressmakers dummy, John took Owens baseball cards which he loved. This conveyed how Owen wanted to communicate the feeling of loosing something important. Even at the end of the story, Owen died with his arm being blasted off. Once again, another motif of amputation of body parts represented pain and loss due to tragic incidents which occurred. When Tabitha passed away, to John and Owen, it was just like them losing an arm or breaking a leg. But to Owen, it also symbolized how he was gods instrument and his hands were being controlled by him. Owen tried to guide John. He repeated ninth grade for him and went to the same university as John and refused the offer to Harvard. John would always say: I learned it from you (502). This also creates a balance act, because on one side would be Johns most prized possessions and his only memory of his mother taken away from him. But on the other side would be the loss Owen went through for John such as living away from his parents and the meaning behind everything he took from John. Owen was a loyal and brave hero to John. He helped alleviate the losses in Johns life. In the story A Prayer for Owen Meany, the author John Irving conveys different messages. Many of the themes are connected to spirituality and portray life lessons you should follow. One important theme is based on fate, which is the belief  of the idea that your destiny is controlled by a certain force or power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the messages communicated is how everything happens for a reason, and the author shows us how strong the power of  fate is. In the novel, everything which occurred in Owens life was no coincidence. Owen believed that coincidence was a stupid, shallow refuge sought by stupid shallow people who were unable to accept the fact that their lives were shaped by a terrifying and awesome design (186). Within the previous quote, there is a metaphor which gives you an idea about how coincidences throughout your life arent arbitrary, but everything is written in your destiny and its as if your life is planned out. One example which supports that metaphor is the time during Johns mothers wedding. There was a huge storm and the author used pathetic fallacy to connect it to a horrible incident which was about to occur. It was very windy and  rainy; and Johns mother was hit by a hailstone on her head. This was a sign foreshadowing another upcom ing incident which would occur with her. When Owen was in bed feeling sick, he was walking to Tabithas room for comfort and it seemed as if he saw an angel. SOMEONE STRANGE IS IN HER ROOM. COME SEE! I THINK ITS AN ANGEL (79). This linked to another future event. It foreshadowed how Tabitha was going to die soon, because an angel of death represents taking away the soul. During Owens baseball games, he was never allowed to play. But once his coach let him get on the field, however he could never swing a pitch. As he was about to hit the ball, Johns mother was walking by. Ironically, Owen swung the bat with a good deal of force that the ball hit his mother and killed her. Owen believed that he saw the angel of death the night before, and stopped it from accomplishing its task for God. Since it was time for his mother to die, he had to finish  the task. Another tragic event which occurred in Owens life was the day he was playing football with John. He kicked the ball very far and the ir neighbours dog, Sagamore, ran after it. As Sagamore ran, he ran into a diaper truck and sadly died. The significance of this event  was a message from God demonstrating to Owen how he is the instrument of God, and he is controlled by Him. He is now given the power from God, and it motivates him in the future. Once, Owen was asked to play the ghost of the future in the play A Christmas Carol. No one knew why he was given that role and it only had a few lines which Owen disliked. But, as he was reading a name on a grave during his performance, he saw his own name and a date. IT WAS MY REAL NAME. IT SAID THE WHOLE THING. (254). The name revealed to him that he was going to be the ghost of the future and it gave away when his death would occur. Later, Owen had a dream. It was not just a nightmare, but it symbolized how God wanted him to accomplish an important task before he died. God  gave him instructions to his next task. I TRUST THAT GOD WILL HELP ME BECAUSE WHAT IM SUPPOSED TO DO LOOKS VERY HARD (400). The reason Owen was given that specific role to play was another way God wanted to show him how his death should occur. Throughout the novel, Johns mother would never tell him who his real father was. He never knew, until Owen died. Owen revealed to John who his real father was, in his afterlife. This shows us the reason why his mother never told him, because there was another way God wanted him to discover the truth. The way Owen was born had a special purpose to it too. His parents said that he was a virgin birth and therefore they disgraced Catholics.  As a result,  that created a feud. No one knew why he was born that way. Nevertheless, he was born unique and he served a purpose in life by helping so many people. Owen believed that there was a purpose to everything that happened-that god meant for the story of his life to have some meaning to it and god picked Owen(540). One motif in the book was Owen and John practising their basket-ball shot ov er and over again. They would try to break their record of scoring in 2 seconds. Later, they used this skill in an important part of the novel.   When the grenade was thrown at John, he caught it the same way Owen and him practised and they passed it to each other to stop it from exploding. Therefore, many disasters and tragic events occur in our lives and sometimes we dont deserve it. However, not only till the end do you receive the desired results you wanted from your hard work in life. Our life is like a pattern and we cannot control some circumstances,  however there is a reason for why they occur. The author had a way of communicating ideas which kept the book realistic but interesting. John Irving used various types of literary elements to convey his thoughts. The form he wrote in created a mood and tone which connected you to his characters. Owen had dreams which revealed his future tasks God wanted him to accomplish. He then went through many struggles to complete them for God. His dreams related to different stories of messengers of God written in holy books. One example is Abraham, and how he was told to sacrifice his son in his dream. This is related to Owens connection to God and how Owen isnt just a normal human. Another example in the book was how Owen had to cut off Johns index finger. This revealed how he gave the sacrifice by risking a chance of hurting his friend for God. Owen was also born a virgin birth and that is why he wasnt close with his parents due to the fact they told him this news when he was 10! But, he was born highly intelligent and even his physical looks were unique. Jesus was also born the same way with special abilities. This showed us an example of how the author brought in different ideas and fit them into the book to relate the characters to important figures and he used many allusions. Th e author also used many symbols, such as the armadillo, baseball and red dress which created examples of motifs throughout the book, which I have mentioned in the previous journals. John Irving wrote the story effectively and this caused the readers to become attached to the character of Owen Meany. The setting of the story which was during the early 1950s effects decisions the characters made. Johns mother decided to get a television when Owen was fifteen and this created an excitement. The television taught them more about the society rather than what they had seen. At that time, Christianity was also very important in the culture. However, as years went by, more immigrants started to settle in and the result was the loss of Americas identity. That is why this book is based around the theme of religion and many religious ceremonies occurred. Everyone believed in miracles and their life was dependent on faith. The author added a believable effect to the story by giving the characte rs realistic traits. Even though Owen Meany was Gods instrument and could be compared to a deferential and intelligent angel, he changed a lot. As he grew older, the people he grew up with changed him and he did start to smoke like most teenagers. As John and Owen matured, their feelings for Hester developed strongly. The thoughts through their minds would be of what males experience of the general public today. Owen was not completely pure, but he was a character which most of us would try to be like and he if we too did know him, he would have influenced us greatly. The author did not write chronologically, but put different pieces together of Johns life which revealed to us secrets throughout the end of the book. There was a thorough plot development in the book but sometimes the author dragged it on and you would want him to get to the point. It was a well written novel with many different morals and themes the author tried to get across: Religion, Friendship, Family, War, Faith and Death.

Friday, September 20, 2019

How Vowel Sounds are Produced

How Vowel Sounds are Produced Speech sounds of English are 44 sounds. These sounds can be divided into two groups: Consonants (24) and vowels (20). The consonants are also divided into two categories: voiceless and voiced sounds. The voiceless are nine: k, p, t, f, h, s, É µ, tʃ, and ʃ. The voiced are fifteen: b, d, g, w*, j*, n, m, ņ¹, z, dÊ’, Ê’,  °, l, r, and v. The action of the vocal cords (i.e., the state of the glottis) determines weather a sound being produced is voiced or voiceless. When the vocal cords are brought close together, but not shut tightly, the air escaping from the lungs causes them to vibrate: this is called voicing, and a sound produced while the vocal cords are vibrating is a voiced sound. When the vocal cords are apart, no vibration occurs, and sounds produced with the glottis in this state are voiceless sounds. Are /j/ and /w/ consonant or vowel sounds? The two semi- vowels /j/ and /w/ are mainly vocalic glides that start near a close vowel, /i/ or /u/. The most important thing to remember about these phonemes is that they are phonetically like vowels but phonologically like consonants. These sounds resemble vowels in their open articulation and in being voiced, but differ from them in other phonetic aspects; in other words, they display consonantal behavior in relation to other sounds. The definite article the, for example, is pronounced /  °Ãƒâ€°Ã¢â€ž ¢/ before /j, w/, as in /  °Ãƒâ€°Ã¢â€ž ¢ jiÉâ„ ¢/, / °Ãƒâ€°Ã¢â€ž ¢ we °Ãƒâ€°Ã¢â€ž ¢ /, the year, the weather respectively, in which case the semi-vowels appear to behave like consonants. By the same token in RP the /r/ usually deletes before the semi-vowels as it does before consonants so the sequences for women, for you are realized as / fÉâ„ ¢ ju:, fÉâ„ ¢ wumÉâ„ ¢n /respectively. What is meant by a vowel? A vowel is defined as a sound which is produced or made without any kind of obstruction (closure or impediment) to the flow of air in the mouth as it passes from the larynx to the lips. In all  vowels, the mouth passage is unobstructed. If it is obstructed at any time during the production of a speech-sound, the resulting sound will be a  consonant. So the difference between vowels and consonants is a difference in the way by which they are produced. In other words, vowels are the sounds which are produced without narrowing or closure of the air passage. Vowel sounds, of course, normally voiced, so that the voicing is not relevant for their production. There are three parameters by which we describe a vowel in English: first the height of the tongue or openness of the mouth. This gives us the categories: close, half-close, half-open, open (an alternative set of categories is also sometimes used: high, mid-high, mid-low, low). Second, the area of the mouth that has the highest part of the tongue or the general area of the mouth in which the vowel is made. This gives us the categories: front, central and back. A third set of categories involves the shape of the lips; the categories are roundeded and spread (unrounded). Vowels of English can be divided into two categories: pure vowels and diphthongs. The pure vowels are 12 sounds and the diphthongs are 8 sounds. The difference between pure vowels and diphthongs (glides): The pure vowels are the ones that are made with the mouth taking up a single position during the articulation. Diphthongs, by contrast, are vocalic glides, and the configuration of the mouth changes in the course of the articulation of the vowel sound. . In other words, diphthongs are the sounds that consist of a movement or glide from one vowel to another. A vowel which remains constant and does not glide is called a pure vowel. Unlike the pure vowels, diphthongs are defined as vowel glides produced by a quick movement of the tongue from one position to another. The vowel in hat, for example, is produced differently from that in hate -the former is realized with a pure vowel /à ¦/; the latter with a diphthong /eÄ ±/. Note the change in the vowel quality in the realization of /eÄ ±/ where the tongue glides quickly from the position of /e/ to that of /i/. Features of vowels [+syllabic], [-consonantal], [+continuant], [+voiced], [-sibilant], [+sonorant] Pure vowels: (12) Pure vowels of English can be classified into three groups according to the general area of the mouth in which they are made or produced. There are three areas in which pure vowels are produced: Front, Central and Back. Front vowels (4) /i: /, /I/, /e/, /à ¦/ In the front area of the mouth (tongue), English has four vowels. These four front vowels are made with spread (unrounded) lips. Two vowels are in the close area. One is the close front spread vowel found in beat or sheep and symbolized by /i:/ , so these words can be described phonetically as /bi:t/ and / ʃi:p/.It also occurs initially as in eat /i:t/ and finally as in tea /ti:/. The other is a more open and a more central close front vowel, usually described as a lowered and centralized close front spread vowel. It is represented by the symbol /I/, and it occurs initially as in in /in/, medially as in sit /sit/ and finally as in happy /hà ¦pi/. English has no a vowel at precisely either the half-close or the half-open position, but one mid way between the two. This is usually described as mid front spread vowel. It is sometimes symbolized by e (Ɇº). This vowel occurs initially as in egg /eg/, medially as in set /set/, and it does not occur finally. The other English front vowel is in the open area but it is not completely open: it is somewhere between half-open and open, although it is usually as an open front spread vowel. This front vowel can occur initially as in and or an /à ¦nd, à ¦n/, medially as in man, can, /mà ¦n , kà ¦n/ and finally this vowel does not occur. Back vowels (5) /a: /, /Ɇ/,  /Ɇ: /, /u/, /u: / In the back area of the mouth we can recognize five vowels in English. Four of them are made with rounded lips and one with spread lips. There are also two vowels in English that fall in the close back area. One is the close back rounded vowel, as found in boot and tool and symbolized by u:, so these words will be transcribed phonetically as /bu:t/ and /tu:l/. The other is a more open and more central variety. It usually described as a (lowered and centralized) close back rounded vowel. It is represented by the symbol u. It occurs medially as in put and book. As in the case of front vowels, English has no vowels at precisely half-close and half-open back position. There is one vowel somewhere between the two, probably nearer to half-open than half-close. It is symbolized by Ɇ: It may be described as a mid back rounded vowel. It occurs initially as in orbit, order, medially as in ball, and bought. In the open back area two vowels are found in English, one made with rounded lips, the other with spread lips. The open back rounded vowel is, is like its front counterpart, not completely open but somewhere between half-open and open. It is symbolized by Ɇ. It may be described as an open back rounded vowel. It occurs initially as in of, on, odd, and medially as in dog, top, and dot. The open back spread vowel is not completely back and it tends towards the central position. This vowel is symbolized by a:. It occurs initially as in arm, medially as in part and finally car. Central vowels: /ÊŒ/, /3:/, /Éâ„ ¢/ We come now to the final group of pure vowels, those made in the central area of the mouth. There are three vowels produced in this area in English, all with spread lips. One of these vowels is in the open area, but like a and Ɇ in fact mid-way between half-open and open, although it is described as an open central spread vowel. It is represented by the IPA symbol for a half-open back spread vowel, namely ÊŒ. This vowel occurs initially as in up, under, and medially as in but/ /bÊŒt/ and some /sÊŒm/. The other two central vowels in English are both mid central spread vowels, that is mid-way between half-close and half-open. One is represented by the symbol 3:. It occurs initially as in earth and earn, and medially as in girl bird, etc. The latter sound is often referred to the schwa vowel. It is symbolized by Éâ„ ¢ and it can be described as an unstressed mid central spread vowel. It occurs initially as in above /Éâ„ ¢bÊŒv/, along /Éâ„ ¢lɆÃƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ /, ahead /Éâ„ ¢hed/, medially as in consider / kÉâ„ ¢nsIdÉâ„ ¢/, consist /kÉâ„ ¢sIst/, continue/ kÉâ„ ¢ntInju:/ and finally as in father/ fa: °Ãƒâ€°Ã¢â€ž ¢/, teacher/ ti::tʃÉâ„ ¢/. Diphthongs (8) As mentioned above diphthongs are the sounds that consist of a movement or glide from one vowel to another. Unlike the pure vowels, diphthongs are defined as vowel glides produced by a quick movement of the tongue from one position to another. In other words, they are a combination of two vowels. They are eight vowels: /ai/, /ei/, /Ɇi, /au/, /Éâ„ ¢u/, /eÉâ„ ¢/, /iÉâ„ ¢/, /uÉâ„ ¢/. The easiest way to remember them is in term of three groups divided as in the below diagram The closing diphthongs have the characteristic that they all end with a glide towards a closer vowel I or u. The first closing diphthong is /ei/. The beginning point of this diphthong is the mid front spread pure vowel of English e. It occurs initially as in aim, age ate, medially as in lake, take, make and finally as in say, and play. A second diphthong in this group begins with an open front spread vowel a, moving towards the closing front spread vowel i . This diphthong is represented by ai. This vowel occurs initially as in aisle, medially as in nine, and finally as in buy. The third diphthong in this group begins with a mid (between open and half-open) back rounded pure vowel Ɇ, moving towards the close front spread vowel i. This diphthong is represented by Ɇi. It occurs initially as in oil, medially as boys and finally as in joy. The second group of diphthongs comprises those tending u. The first in this group starts with the unstressed mid central spread vowel Éâ„ ¢ moving towards u. This diphthong is symbolized with Éâ„ ¢u. It occurs initially as open, medially as in home and finally as in go. The other in this group starts with an open central spread vowel a, moving towards u. It is represented by au. It occurs initially as in out, medially as in house and finally as in now. The third group is the centering diphthongs glide towards the Éâ„ ¢ (schwa) vowel. In other words, the diphthongs of this group tend towards the mid central spread vowel Éâ„ ¢. First, the diphthong that begins with (the lowered centralized) close front spread vowel I, moving towards the vowel Éâ„ ¢. This diphthong is represented by iÉâ„ ¢. It occurs initially as in ears, medially as in museum and finally as in clear, fear and here. The second diphthong in this group begins with a mid front spread vowel e, moving towards Éâ„ ¢. It is represented by eÉâ„ ¢. It occurs initially as in airline, medially as in shares and finally as care, fair, pair and hair. The last diphthong in this group begins with the close back rounded vowel u, moving towards the unstressed central spread vowel Éâ„ ¢. It is symbolized by uÉâ„ ¢. This diphthong occurs medially as in cruel, and finally as in pure, poor, and sure. Summary Features of English vowels uË Ã‚  Ã‚   ÊÅ   Ɇ ɆÃƒâ€¹Ã‚  É‘Ë Ã‚   ÊŒ à ¦ ɜˠÃ‚  Ã‚   e iË  Ä ± + + + + + + + + + + + Syllabic _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Consonantal + + + + + + + + + + + Sonorant + + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + High _ _ _ + _ _ + _ _ _ _ Low + + + + + _ _ _ _ _ _ Back + + + + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Round + + + + + + + + + + + continuant _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Sibilant Pure vowels iË Ã‚  Ã‚   a close, front, spread vowel Ä ± a (lowered and centralized) close, front spread vowel. e  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a mid, front, spread vowel à ¦ an open, front, spread vowel uË Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a close, back, rounded vowel ÊÅ   a (lowered and centralized) close, back, rounded vowel :ɆÃƒâ€¹Ã‚ Ã‚   a mid (between half-close and half-open) back, rounded vowel Ɇ a mid (between open and half-open) open, back, rounded vowel É‘Ë Ã‚   an open, back, spread vowel :ɜˠÃ‚   a mid, central, spread vowel. ÊŒ an pen, central, spread vowel Éâ„ ¢ an unstressed, mid, central, spread vowel Diphthongs eÄ ± begins with the mid (between half-close and half-open) front spread vowel e, moving towards (lowered and centralized) close front spread vowel Ä ±. aÄ ± begins with the open front spread vowel a, moving towards the (lowered and centralized ) close front spread vowel Ä ±. ɆÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ± begins with the mid (between open and half-open) back rounded pure vowel Ɇ, moving towards the close front spread vowel i Éâ„ ¢u begins with the unstressed mid central spread vowel Éâ„ ¢ moving towards (lowered and centralized ) close front spread vowel u. au begins with the open central spread vowel a, moving towards the (lowered and centralized ) close back rounded vowel u. eÉâ„ ¢ begins with the mid front spread vowel e, moving towards the unstressed mid central spread vowel Éâ„ ¢. iÉâ„ ¢ begins with the (lowered centralized) close front spread vowel i , moving towards the vowel the unstressed mid central spread vowel Éâ„ ¢. uÉâ„ ¢ begins with the close back rounded vowel u, moving towards the unstressed central spread vowel Éâ„ ¢.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Cloud Computing and the Computer Scare Essay -- Information Technology

Once you login to your computer you are bound to use an application that is related to the cloud computing infrastructure. For example, when any service needs an internet connection it immediately uses what is known as a â€Å"cloud† network, which is a broad term for the use of a device or application that is not physically present. The computer user is then accessing a network in the cloud, which stores personal information and allows for multiple tasks to be completed in an efficient manner rather than just using a single personal computer. Computer Scientists do find an importance for expanding the cloud network since it not only helps them create projects using multiple computers linked on the cloud but it also helps deliver applications to any computer user. Unfortunately, there are some deficiencies that computer science majors should be aware of; the biggest default the risk of cloud security issues constantly. These issues include vulnerability to data loss and hacke rs overtaking the system; computer scientists should be aware of the structure’s defaults and be able to use cloud services efficiently. Cloud computing is a highly useful and quickly growing aspect of technology, and although the security issues are a risk, it is a useful service that should be used with the proper prior knowledge. Before delving into the exact security issues, it is important to understand the basic structure of the cloud system. To begin, the cloud computing structure has three major branches: 1) Infrastructure as a Service, 2) Platform as a Service, and 3) Software as a Service (Dorey 6). The most common service to general computer users is the Software as a Service branch because it provides the structure of the system and is notably appr... ...e. Web. 16 Apr. 2012. Fox, Armando. "Cloud Computing-What's in It for Me as a Scientist?" ScienceMagazine.org. AAAS.org, 28 Jan. 2011. Web. 23 May 2012. . Jamil, Danish, and Hassan Zaki. "Cloud Computing Security." International Journal of Computer Science and Engineering 3.4 (2011): 3478-482. Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 Apr. 2012. Jamil, Danish, and Hassan Zaki. "Security Issues in Cloud Computing and Countermeasures." International Journal of Computer Science and Engineering 3.4 (2011): 2672-676. Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 Apr. 2012. Segal, Naresh K., Sohum Sohoni, Ying Xiong, David Fritz, Wira Mulia, and John M. Acken. "A Cross Section of the Issues and Research Activities Related to Both Information Security and Cloud Computing." Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 Apr. 2012.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

John Stuart Mill :: essays research papers

John Stuart Mill 1806-1873 John had a teleological view of ethics. He is also known as the 1st advocate for women. Lived during the time of the Industrial Revolution. Born to a rich man, he was the youngest, Mr. Mill retired after having John and deticated his life to making John a genius. Mr. Mill home educated John all his life in hopes to create a genius. Not once in Johns life at home was he able to leave the compound of his fathers home. John had to educate his older brothers and sisters. At the age of 14 Johns standard or intellect was very high. At 14 he was given the summer off and went to Paris with his cousins. By the age of 15 Mr. Mill was inviting leading scholars in mathematics, literature, science†¦and want John to prove to them that he knew more in that subject than they did. The amazing thing is that he know more about those subject than the scholars. At 21 he was a genius but had a breakdown. He was sent to a rest home where no drugs where administered. It was merely a place for him to rest and relax. He was a very left brained person with all the factual knowledge he had and this place allowed him to explore the right side†¦.poems, literature†¦Mr. Mills disowned John because he want a genius and geniuses don’t go crazy. When John gets out he is perfectly fine, still and genius and sane at the same time. When John gets out he gets a job with the East India Company. With all the knowledge John had he never taught. He worked all his life and did philosophy for fun on the side. John was never mad at his father for what he did to him, instead he was mad at his mother for allowing Mr. Mill mistreat John. Strangely enough John becomes the first advocate for women. By 23 or 24 John meets a woman by the name of Harriet Taylor. She is known as the wild woman of Europe and also a radical. Harriet was married to a rich man whom she had total control over. Harriet was known to frequent the men’s clubs alone where she would drink and smoke. When she meets John she falls in love and for about 20 years they would see each other while she was still married.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Case †HBS: Fiat †Tata Essay

1 What is Fiat’s current situation in India? Fiat is an Italian automobile manufacturer based in Turin.  Fiat India in Indian car market is facing the dilemma of poor sales. It had a very small market share in India comparing to other existing automobile competitors. There was a good and long relationship with Tata Motors in Indian so Fiat and Tata were going to have a joint venture (JV) to manufacture passenger cars, engines and transmissions for the Indian and overseas markets. These two companies began to seek for collaboration in early 2005. From the Exhibit 2: Production by Manufacturer, we can see Fiat in 2006 ranked 11 in worldwide auto industry while Tata stood in 21, which had merely Indian market. For Fiat this brand, it had a high brand awareness in India which is a good sign for them want to expand market there and Fiat also had the best diesel engine for small cars. 2 What is the business opportunity in India? Do you think that Fiat needs a partner? In an attempt to lower costs, most major automotive makers had set up factories in emerging markets such as China, India and South America. Because lower production costs were one incentive, experts also suggested that car makers could gain access to growing and fertile marketplaces that is the background for auto manufacture in India. The liberalization policies in 1991 opened up India to new import and export possibilities. To encourage investments, the government launched series of new policies in 1990s to help growing their economics. For vehicle industry, there was total population of 1.1 billion people in India which is an obvious potential opportunity for auto makers. I think Fiat really needs a partner. The trend at that time was all manufacturers with production greater than one million vehicles were involved in one or more alliances with other producers. Automobile manufacturers formed alliances for a variety of factors with the primary rationale being an attempt to reduce labor, energy, and raw material costs. So combining same value-chain activities to gain efficiencies, merge talents and share risks is a good choice. Observers lauded the tie-in stating that  Fiat had the potential for more sales in the burgeoning Indian market while Tata stood to gain technology and new export markets. 3 Do you think Fiat and Tata make for good partners? Compare the Fiat-GM relationship with the Fiat-Tata relationship. It looks like they make for good partners. They knew each other well before they wanted to committee themselves into joint venture. In 2006, they were both financially sound due to the good co-operation. At that time sourcing of parts usually involved 30 direct suppliers as well as 70 or more indirect suppliers (who served the direct suppliers). Automobile manufacturers usually established long-term relationships with their suppliers and involved suppliers in the development of new models. Fiat and Tata they examined synergies in overseas to give marketing support. With help of Tata, they can improve Fiat’s dealership network and customer service, help to cut manufacturing costs and compete effectively against competitors. For Tata, this alliance with Fiat helped Tata get technologies and new design in future which is a win-win situation. Compared with the Fiat-GM relationship, Fiat and Tata might have better future. After Fiat and GM cooperation, their market share was decreased and had high debts issues. GM themselves were making losses and dissolve the agreement of Group’s auto business. There was no culture collaboration which made it crucial for long term relationship. 4 How would you assess the negotiation process between Fiat and Tata? It was a long way communication before Fiat team came to Tata’s head office and came into negotiation but still better than longer waiting time for visa. I think they made a good conversation and made a lot of efforts like signing MoU to establish joint venture and equity structure. Made agreement to some manufacturing parts like passenger cars, power trains, engines and transmission for India and overseas. They focused on the spirit of relationship and show the prospects for long-term relationship. Most major components were negotiated. However, It was obvious that some culture difference appeared during their negotiation. There are two layers of culture raised by a Fiat executive: first is Italian and Indian culture and the second is the difference in company culture. Even with another Italian company, Fiat can be very different. And some problem appeared like â€Å"It is  always difficult going to the other company’s offices as they still have other work to attend to. So, we might have a meeting scheduled to start at 10am, which then starts at 11am and might end up being regularly interrupted by other issues.† But some complain cannot be very serious in their negotiation.

Monday, September 16, 2019

A Dilema Enterprise

Delima Enterprise was founded in 1981 by En Zayed. The main business are trading and supplying related products including manpower supplies to the oil and gas industries. The enterprise was incorporated in 2004 as Delima Enterprise Sdn Bhd, with En. Zayed and his wife Puan Hashimah, as the controlling directors and two principal shareholders. The company activities had expanded into provision of engineering services as part of their business diversification and expansions plan.In May 2006, the company had secured a contract worth RM750,000 to be implemented over 6 months. Due to shortage of fund, company need to apply loan from Malayan Banking Berhad and CIMB Berhad totalling RM 1 million. In order to get the loan, they had to provide audited financial statements for the last two years. In July 2006, Encik Zayed engaged the external Auditor Aziz & Co. to perform the statutory audit for period 2003 to 2006. However, due to lack of knowledge about corporate administration, there are is sues arose that need to be settle by them.Furthering the discussion, there are some highlighted problems and issues that arise such as Encik Zayed and Puan Hashimah who are the Directors of the organization were not familiar with Accounting Standards and the provisions of the Companies Act 1965 and their roles and duties as company directors. Besides than that, all the employees did not have the necessary job experiences and good background of studies and most of them are among the family members of the directors.In addition to that, all the records are not organized and filed accordingly. For example like the sales invoices and purchase order are manually prepared and not pre-numbered. There were long outstanding collections from trade debtors as the Monthly Statements of Accounts was not sent to customers on monthly basis. In fact, the standard operating procedure was not in place. Several assets purchased by the company were not recorded and overpayments made to Trade Creditors a nd some personal withdrawals and expenses were charged to the company.Whereas the unrecorded cash withdrawals and cash and Banks balances were not well reconciled. Based on those problems the role and responsibility of Encik Zayed and Puan Hashimah as the Directors of Delima Enterprise Sdn Bhd should play a significant role in determining the future of the organization, establish the vision, mission and policies of the organization, set the strategy and structure and well delegate the authority to management. They should have the duty to act bona fide in the interests of the company. This duty is the most basic of all duties.What is meant by bona fide and in the best interests of the company is that both directors must at all times ensure that their actions are consistent with the well being of the company’s and they should not place themselves in a position where there is a conflict between their duty to the company and their personal interest or duties of shares. In additio n to that, directors should not make any profit out of the position as the director. Yes, in this case there are abuses of power by management and breach of fiduciary on part of the directors as there is a conflict between Encik Zayed’s duty to the company and his personal interest.For example, personal vehicle expenses for Encik Zayed and Puan Hashimah totaling RM50,150 charged to the company during 2005. They should at least prepare documents for anything they used for their personal so that later they can pay back to the company. Besides, he tried to negotiate with the Auditor to not qualify the Financial Statement, failing which Encik Zayed planned to terminate the auditor’s appointment and appoint new â€Å"friendly-party† auditor to negotiate.They also hired their own family members Puan Balqis and Encik Salam as Operations Manager and Human Resources and Administration Manager respectively. Encik Zayed was not willing to commit and invest on necessary tra ining to enhance the knowledge of the employees. Directors are responsible to provide corporate social responsibility and oversee management in order to implement an effective ethics corporate programs to safeguard interest of different stakeholders. Provide annual compliance and ethics training to all employees which are just one element of comprehensive compliance and ethics program.Not only Encik Zayed and Puan Hashimah as the directors, but all the top management, employees, and the Company Secretary of the company should be responsible and accountable as well. Although Encik Zayed and Puan Hashimah are the directors of the company, the officers should also support and give opinion in every decisions taken by directors. Employees below the officer level will have job titles and descriptions designed to meet the corporate goals as set by the directors. Company Secretary at all times should to assist the company towards proper objectives.In small businesses such as Delima Enterpri se, other duties commonly undertaken by company secretaries may include entering into contractual agreements with suppliers and customers and managing office space and property and dealing with personnel administration In regards of the improper documentation and transaction records includes the sales invoice and purchase order, the MYOB programmed was not integrated and several pages of the Account Receivables listing is missing may impact of time consuming and fraud may happened.Therefore, they should use updated to latest accounting software which is MYOB to improve the accounting system, the monthly statement of accounts send on time to remind the outstanding balances, they should prepare a proper filing documentation based on book keeping process for easy references and ensure all the transactions are pre numbered accordingly. Besides than that, the employees prepare their own attendance without any supervision also may lead to fraud and work inefficiency. They should assign su pervisors to manage the timesheets for time in and time out of the employees and get an approval from the directors.The salary and wages are paid in monthly basis including EPF and SOCSO based on the approved timesheet. There is no Standard Operating Procedure as all the decisions are authorized by En Zayed and Puan Hashimah, there is no reconciliation performed for each accounts and withdrawals are made from the company without proper documentation. Each department should implement the SOP and ensure they are compliance to the SOP in every decision making and documentation that have been made or prepared.There is problem from Human Resource manager where En Salam hire unqualified and inexperience employees to conduct the professional task and caused the employees not able to perform their work well due to lack of knowledge and give a bad reputation of the company indirectly. For a better performance, HR manager should hire more qualified employees and implement SOP during the emplo yees’ recruitment. For those who are not well recognized the SOP, employer should provide the training either for a new or existing employees.Below are the proposed organizational charts for the Delima Enterprise Sdn Bhd. So as a conclusion, there are some improvement that need to be done for a better leadership and management in future such as constructively and restructure the organizational and draft the applicable Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for the company to operate effectively and efficiently. They should focus to the quatitative and quanlitative characteristic that should be implement and practices by the employees in the whole organization.Assessment and decision making organizational should be restructure enables employees to participate and contribute fresh ideas and support or argue some issues that they feels unease and may lead to a bad performance of the organization. Each level of management should understand their job description so that more quality j ob is performed and avoid the task redundancy among the employees. In addition to that, they should prevent any breach of fiduciary responsibilities sufficient control mechanisms in order for the organization are compliance to law or any rules and regulations. A Dilema Enterprise Delima Enterprise was founded in 1981 by En Zayed. The main business are trading and supplying related products including manpower supplies to the oil and gas industries. The enterprise was incorporated in 2004 as Delima Enterprise Sdn Bhd, with En. Zayed and his wife Puan Hashimah, as the controlling directors and two principal shareholders. The company activities had expanded into provision of engineering services as part of their business diversification and expansions plan.In May 2006, the company had secured a contract worth RM750,000 to be implemented over 6 months. Due to shortage of fund, company need to apply loan from Malayan Banking Berhad and CIMB Berhad totalling RM 1 million. In order to get the loan, they had to provide audited financial statements for the last two years. In July 2006, Encik Zayed engaged the external Auditor Aziz & Co. to perform the statutory audit for period 2003 to 2006. However, due to lack of knowledge about corporate administration, there are is sues arose that need to be settle by them.Furthering the discussion, there are some highlighted problems and issues that arise such as Encik Zayed and Puan Hashimah who are the Directors of the organization were not familiar with Accounting Standards and the provisions of the Companies Act 1965 and their roles and duties as company directors. Besides than that, all the employees did not have the necessary job experiences and good background of studies and most of them are among the family members of the directors.In addition to that, all the records are not organized and filed accordingly. For example like the sales invoices and purchase order are manually prepared and not pre-numbered. There were long outstanding collections from trade debtors as the Monthly Statements of Accounts was not sent to customers on monthly basis. In fact, the standard operating procedure was not in place. Several assets purchased by the company were not recorded and overpayments made to Trade Creditors a nd some personal withdrawals and expenses were charged to the company.Whereas the unrecorded cash withdrawals and cash and Banks balances were not well reconciled. Based on those problems the role and responsibility of Encik Zayed and Puan Hashimah as the Directors of Delima Enterprise Sdn Bhd should play a significant role in determining the future of the organization, establish the vision, mission and policies of the organization, set the strategy and structure and well delegate the authority to management. They should have the duty to act bona fide in the interests of the company. This duty is the most basic of all duties.What is meant by bona fide and in the best interests of the company is that both directors must at all times ensure that their actions are consistent with the well being of the company’s and they should not place themselves in a position where there is a conflict between their duty to the company and their personal interest or duties of shares. In additio n to that, directors should not make any profit out of the position as the director. Yes, in this case there are abuses of power by management and breach of fiduciary on part of the directors as there is a conflict between Encik Zayed’s duty to the company and his personal interest.For example, personal vehicle expenses for Encik Zayed and Puan Hashimah totaling RM50,150 charged to the company during 2005. They should at least prepare documents for anything they used for their personal so that later they can pay back to the company. Besides, he tried to negotiate with the Auditor to not qualify the Financial Statement, failing which Encik Zayed planned to terminate the auditor’s appointment and appoint new â€Å"friendly-party† auditor to negotiate.They also hired their own family members Puan Balqis and Encik Salam as Operations Manager and Human Resources and Administration Manager respectively. Encik Zayed was not willing to commit and invest on necessary tra ining to enhance the knowledge of the employees. Directors are responsible to provide corporate social responsibility and oversee management in order to implement an effective ethics corporate programs to safeguard interest of different stakeholders. Provide annual compliance and ethics training to all employees which are just one element of comprehensive compliance and ethics program.Not only Encik Zayed and Puan Hashimah as the directors, but all the top management, employees, and the Company Secretary of the company should be responsible and accountable as well. Although Encik Zayed and Puan Hashimah are the directors of the company, the officers should also support and give opinion in every decisions taken by directors. Employees below the officer level will have job titles and descriptions designed to meet the corporate goals as set by the directors. Company Secretary at all times should to assist the company towards proper objectives.In small businesses such as Delima Enterpri se, other duties commonly undertaken by company secretaries may include entering into contractual agreements with suppliers and customers and managing office space and property and dealing with personnel administration In regards of the improper documentation and transaction records includes the sales invoice and purchase order, the MYOB programmed was not integrated and several pages of the Account Receivables listing is missing may impact of time consuming and fraud may happened.Therefore, they should use updated to latest accounting software which is MYOB to improve the accounting system, the monthly statement of accounts send on time to remind the outstanding balances, they should prepare a proper filing documentation based on book keeping process for easy references and ensure all the transactions are pre numbered accordingly. Besides than that, the employees prepare their own attendance without any supervision also may lead to fraud and work inefficiency. They should assign su pervisors to manage the timesheets for time in and time out of the employees and get an approval from the directors.The salary and wages are paid in monthly basis including EPF and SOCSO based on the approved timesheet. There is no Standard Operating Procedure as all the decisions are authorized by En Zayed and Puan Hashimah, there is no reconciliation performed for each accounts and withdrawals are made from the company without proper documentation. Each department should implement the SOP and ensure they are compliance to the SOP in every decision making and documentation that have been made or prepared.There is problem from Human Resource manager where En Salam hire unqualified and inexperience employees to conduct the professional task and caused the employees not able to perform their work well due to lack of knowledge and give a bad reputation of the company indirectly. For a better performance, HR manager should hire more qualified employees and implement SOP during the emplo yees’ recruitment. For those who are not well recognized the SOP, employer should provide the training either for a new or existing employees.Below are the proposed organizational charts for the Delima Enterprise Sdn Bhd. So as a conclusion, there are some improvement that need to be done for a better leadership and management in future such as constructively and restructure the organizational and draft the applicable Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for the company to operate effectively and efficiently. They should focus to the quatitative and quanlitative characteristic that should be implement and practices by the employees in the whole organization.Assessment and decision making organizational should be restructure enables employees to participate and contribute fresh ideas and support or argue some issues that they feels unease and may lead to a bad performance of the organization. Each level of management should understand their job description so that more quality j ob is performed and avoid the task redundancy among the employees. In addition to that, they should prevent any breach of fiduciary responsibilities sufficient control mechanisms in order for the organization are compliance to law or any rules and regulations.